ÅÍÔÏÌÏLOGIA
HELLENICA
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Volume 24
(2015) Issue I
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Entomologia Hellenica 24 (2015): 1-10.
Environmental Management,
Federation University Australia,Mount Helen, Victoria-3350, Australia
Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University,
4Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
A study was
conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh, during September 2007 to February
2008 to evaluate the varietal performance of cabbage on the incidence of
flea beetles [Phyllotreta spp.,
(Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae)]. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design
comprising seven varieties viz. V1: BARI badhakopi-1/Provati, V2: BARI
badhakopi-2/Agrodot, V3: Atlas-70, V4: Autumn queen, V5: Tropical queen, V6:
T-776 and V7: Seisho YR. Among the different varieties of cabbage V5 (Tropical queen) performed
as the best variety in terms of the lowest incidence of flea beetles (0.00
larvae/plant), lowest percent of leaves infestation (0.87 %) as well as plant
infestation (2 %) caused by flea beetles. These findings will be valuable for
the most appropriate management of flea beetles.
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Entomologia Hellenica 24 (2015): 11-21.
Laboratory
of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75
Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
Directorate of Rural Economy and Regional Veterinary, 29 El. Venizelou str.,
24500 Trifylia, Kyparissia, Greece
Technological University of Cyprus, Department of Agricultural Sciences,
Biotechnology and Food Science, 31 Archbishop Kyprianou str., 3036 Limassol,
Cyprus
The invasive pest of the tomato crops, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), soon
after its establishment became a major problem of outdoor and greenhouse tomato
crops across the Mediterranean countries. The pre-plant release of the predator
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter)
(Heteroptera: Miridae) has been found to substantially contribute to its
establishment on the crop and efficient control of T. absoluta in greenhouses. The aim of the current study was to
assess whether the pre-plant release of N.
tenuis could contribute to its earlier establishment. It was concluded that
the release of N. tenuis in the
nursery contributed substantially in the earlier increase of its numbers in the
field in comparison to the control plots. The native populations of M. pygmaeus appeared on the tomato
plants before the native populations of N.
tenuis. Thus, the conservation of both predators should be taken into
consideration in the integrated management strategies against T. absoluta. Therefore, the application
of this method in open field tomato crop enhances the earlier establishment of N. tenuis and should be further
evaluated in the control of T. absoluta.
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Entomologia Hellenica 24 (2015): 22-26.
Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 22016, 1516,
Nicosia, Cyprus
In May 2013, numerous adults of a coleopteran insect species that later
was identified as the sisal weevil, Scyphophorus
acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were accidentally captured in both pitfall
and funnel traps placed across Cyprus for the monitoring of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae). S. acupunctatus was found
for the first time in the Germasogeia area of the Limassol district (34°71′81″N,
33°08′56″E) and in the Kissonerga area of the Paphos district
(34°81′67″N, 32°40′00″E). During 2013 and early 2014,
numerous adults of this species were also collected from red palm weevil traps
from all over Cyprus.
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Volume 23
(2014) Issue II
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 45-51.
Department of Agricultural Technologists, School of
Agricultural Technology and Food Technology, Technological Education Institute
of Crete, Estavromenos, Heraklion,
71004, Crete, Greece
This work presents the results of the
comparison of two pheromone traps for the capture of the red palm weevil. Trap A
was a yellow funnel trap with green top, while trap B
was a yellow pitfall trap, both equipped with pheromone. The experiment
took place at Sissi and Milatos villages of Lasithi prefecture, mid-North coastline of Crete, from March 2009 to
February 2010. The total number of traps deployed at each sampling varied
between 24 and 36 due to various disturbances (trap loss, dirt in traps etc.).
In each location, always both trap types were present. A total of
3139 adults of red palm weevil were captured during the trials. Temporal
variability shows similar pattern for both trap types, as well as for both
sexes. Type A traps captured 1376 insects with a ratio
of 1♂ to 3.40♀, while type “B” captured 1763 insects with a ratio
of 1♂ to 3.15♀. ANOVA revealed significant differences between the
two traps in the number of catches (Trap A: 38.22 insects per fortnight /trap,
Traps B: 48.97 insects per fortnight /trap). Comparing females and males of
both trap types as separate groups, the statistical significance is more
profound. At Sissi on average 1.61 males and 5.32 females were captured per
fortnight/trap, with an average male to female ratio of 1:3.30, being 1♂:
3.85♀ for type A traps and 1♂: 2.94♀ for type B traps. At
Milatos 1.33 males and 4.04 females per trap were recorded and the male to
female ratio was 1:3.04, this ratio being 1♂:2.36♀ and 1♂:3.86♀
for type A and B traps respectively. Impressively high captures (more than 150 up to
almost 250 in traps of B type and from almost 150 up to more than 350 in traps
of A type) were observed from September 2009 to
January 2010 with a peak of 356 and 240 on January the 15th for both
A and B type traps.
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 52-58.
Freelancer Agronomist, 28 Anthemiou str,
71306 Heraklion
Laboratory of Agricultural Pharmacology, School of Agricultural Technology,
Technological Education Institute ïf Crete, PO BOX 1939, 71004 Heraklion,
Crete, Greece
The use of electric
current is being studied as a method to control Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The infested
palm trees were pruned according to the severity of the infestation (heavy
infestation requires more intense pruning). Then, electrolytes were injected
into the palm trees to elevate conductivity. Electric current of specific
voltage and amperage was coursed through the palm trees, using specifically
designed electrodes; Electric current was applied for 20 min to 1 hour
depending on the severity of the infestation and the size of the palm tree. A
small number of palm trees were shocked, some of which were monitored for side
effects due to the shock while others were cut down to monitor pest mortality
rates. Larvae were collected and placed in entomological cages. A large
percentage of larvae were killed after the shock, while the others showed
difficulties in their movement. Six days later 84.78 % of larvae and 96.48 % of
pupae were killed but practically all of the adults survived. Electric current
has never been used in this way to control insects before.
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 59-64.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology
and Parasitology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a gregarious parasitoid that attacks a
variety of important lepidopterous pests of stored products. The aim of this
study was to determine if different larval instars of Plodia interpunctella
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) affected longevity and fecundity of parasitoid B.
brevicornis. Percentage of
parasitism, number of eggs laid on different larval instars of P. interpunctella, number
of larvae, prepupae, pupae and the number of F2 adults of B. brevicornis as well as the developmental time of parasitoid egg, larva,
prepupa, pupa and the total developmental time from egg to adult on different larval instars of the host were recorded.
Our results showed that statistically significant differences were observed
among the larval instars of P.
interpunctella in all studied parameters. In L2 of P. interpunctella no eggs of
B. brevicornis were observed. A few eggs laid on L3 but they
were not developed successfully. Concerning the development of B. brevicornis on L4 and L5
instars of P. interpunctella statistically
significant differences were observed between the two instars. The mean number
of eggs laid by B. brevicornis on L4 of P. interpunctella per 10 days was 2.42 eggs per adult, and the mean
number larvae, prepupa, pupae and adults was 1.42, 1.37, 1.26 and 1.24
respectively. The mean number of eggs laid on L5 of P. interpunctella by B. brevicornis was 13.65, while the mean
number of larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults was 9.73, 7.90, 7.44 and 7.16
respectively. In all cases the differences were statistically significant. The
developmental time of B. brevicornis developed
on L4 instar of P.
interpunctella was 1.12 days for egg, 2.03 for larva, 1.47 for prepupa,
6.82 for pupa and the total developmental time from egg to adult 11.45 days.
The developmental time of B. brevicornis developed
on L5 instar of P. interpunctella was 1.18 days for
egg, 1.68 for larva, 1.29 for prepupa, 7.76 for pupa and the total
developmental time from egg to adult 11.92 days. The female and male B. brevicornis adult life span of F1
generation was 16.70 and 11 days when developed on L4 of P. interpunctella and 28.70 and 17.60
days when developed on L5 of
P. interpunctella.
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 65-73.
Laboratory of Forest
Protection, Department of Forestry and Environmental Management and Natural
Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, 193 Pantazidou str., Orestiada
The insect species composition and their
abundance were investigated on the leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica, Fagaceae) and hazel
trees (Corylus avelana, Betulaceae)
in the mixed forest located in Menoikio Mountain of Serres. For that purpose
from April to June 2011 leaves were collected from the two forest species at
weekly intervals and the insects found were reared in the laboratory under
outdoor conditions and checked every day till their
pupation and adult emergence. A total of
27 insect species was recorded. These insects belonged to seven orders. Fifteen
Coleoptera species, 4 Hemiptera species, 3 of Lepidoptera species, 2 of
Hymenoptera species and 1 species to the orders Diptera, Neuroptera, and
Ephemeroptera were found. The results disclose that the number of
insect species found on leaves of hazel trees was fewer than the insect species
on beech trees. On hazel trees the population of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) was much higher than
in beech trees. The species of Coleoptera collected from hazel trees were Phyllobius pyri (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae), Rhynchaenus populi (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) and Agiotes acuminatus (Coleoptera:
Elateridae). In beech trees the insect species found more frequently were Rhynchaenus fagi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae),
Phyllobius pyri (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) and Anobium punctatum (Coleoptera:
Anobiidae). The largest population of
insects was observed at the end of spring, because the life cycle of the
foliage insects were synchronized with leaf- flushing of the foliage.
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 74-86.
1Technological
Educational Institute of Western Greece, Department of Agrïnomy, Terma
Theodoropoulou, 27200 Amaliada, Greece
2Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University
of Patras, Panepistimioupoli Rion, Patras, Greece
The interaction between the entomopathogenic
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and the entomopathogenic nematode
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae)
was examined against larvae of Ephestia
kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post
treatment, in laboratory conditions. Three different combinations of the
aforementioned pathogens were tested on 4th instar larvae, namely
500ppm B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (B.t.k.) and H. bacteriophora infective
Juveniles (1000IJs/ml), 1500ppm B.t.k.
and H. bacteriophora (1000IJs/ml) and
3000ppm B.t.k. and H. bacteriophora (1000IJs/ml).
At 7, 14 and 21 days, the interaction between the pathogens was additive in two
of the treatments and synergistic in one, whereas at 28 days, it was negative
in two of the treatments and synergistic in one. Overall, the application of
the lowest dose of B.t.k. (500ppm) in
combination with H. bacteriophora (1000IJs/ml),
turned out to be highly effective. The interaction between B. thuringiensis and H.
bacteriophora is to be further examined.
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Volume 23
(2014) Issue I
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 1-9.
School of Agricultural Technology, ÔÅÉ Crete,
Stavromenos PC 71004, Herakleion, Crete, Greece
In this work the structure of soil arthropods’
biocoenosis was compared among 11 olive orchards from six localities of
Crete (three of the localities from Messara’s valley, including two olive
orchards each one, plus three localities near to Herakleion city) and other two
ones each from the island of Kos and Cyprus. Pitfall traps were used and
totally 35 taxa were captured. The order Coleoptera and the family Formicidae
were the two main taxa at the 8 of the 11 olive orchards. Statistically
significant differences in biodiversity were recorded among the orchards
separating them in three groups, the first group included Messara’s olive
orchards, the second the olive orchards of the rest of the Crete and the third
group the olive groves of the other two islands. Messara’s group had higher biodiversity
than the third group. By studying the similarities of biological communities,
some pairs of Messara’s olive groves, have the highest ones. Among the 15
highest values, the 14 belonged to pairs between Messara’s olive orchards.
Generally, biocoenosis in all 11 olive orchards of the three different islands
follows a similar pattern, despite of differences in cultural practices and
changes of climatic factors from a year to another.
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 10-17.
School of Agricultural Technology, ÔÅÉ Crete,
Stavromenos 71004, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
In this study the results of the captured Coleoptera in pitfall traps in
nine olive orchards in the valley of Messara, on Crete Island, were compared.
The liquid used for killing and preservation in the pitfall traps, was
propylene glycol. The nine olive orchards were distributed in four areas in the
valley. In each area there were at least two olive orchards under different
agricultural management system, organic and conventional. The experiments were
conducted from October 2004 to April 2005. The number of captured Coleoptera
specimens was 4,937. The specimens were
identified to the family level.
Coleoptera from 25 families were found, but the analysis was focused at
eleven of them, the richest in specimens. These were: Anthicidae, Carabidae,
Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Histeridae, Leiodidae, Scarabaeidae, Silphidae,
Silvanidae, Staphylinidae and Tenebrionidae. Staphylinidae were the most
abundant in all olive orchards independently of the agricultural management
(production system). In the other families instead of differences amongst the
different systems of agricultural management, more prominent were the
differences amongst areas.
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 18-28.
Ecological Production Systems,
Institute of Viticulture and Horticulture, NAGREF-ELGO “Demeter”, 71003,
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Laboratory of Ecology, School of Agriculture, Technological Educational
Institute (TEI) of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (SSSA), Piazza Martiri
della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa PI, Italy
Departement of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of
Chania (MAICh), Crete, Greece
Soil arthropod biodiversity
was monitored in 24 olive orchards located in eight different sites in Messara,
Crete, covering the two main agroecological zones of olive oil
production, hilly and plain. Monitoring was done weekly for five weeks per
season, from autumn 2011 to summer 2012, using pitfall traps. Subgroups of
functional taxa were defined with respect to services of biological pest
control and of nutrient cycling. Comparison of the different agroecological
zones in terms of abundance and diversity of soil arthropods and functional
subgroups was performed. Coleoptera (39.52%), Formicidae (27.3%), Araneae
(8.77%) and Collembola (5.32%) were the most abundant taxa found in the olive
orchards. Hilly orchards presented higher total arthropod diversity, but lower
abundance due to family Tenebrionidae. Arthropod richness did not differ
between agroecological zones. Functional arthropods were a major part of total
abundance (76.7%) and presented a trend of higher catches abundance in the
hilly orchards arthropods with seasonally statistically significant
differences. Shannon Index of Diversity showed higher arthropod diversity in
the hilly orchards, being significantly higher in spring. The less intensive
olive production in hilly areas appeared to favour soil arthropod diversity.
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 29-38.
Hellenic Agricultural Organisation “Demeter”, NAGREF,
Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Laboratory of Entomology and
Agricultural Zoology, 71307Heraklion, Greece
The study of host plant adaptation in arthropods, and especially
agricultural pests, presents great interest, as it relates to patterns of
population isolation and differentiation, with effects ranging from gene flow
restriction to speciation. Prompted by our earlier isoenzyme studies that
revealed genetic differentiation of Tetranychus
urticae (Koch) collected on citrus, compared to other host plants, we
investigated crossing compatibility between T.
urticae collected from citrus (lemon) trees (ELCI) and T. urticae collected from the weed Mercurialis annua (ELMA), in the same citrus grove. Crossing
compatibility in haplodiploid species where unfertilised eggs develop into
males, like T. urticae, is assessed
based on both the number and the sex ratio of the offspring. When ELMA females
were crossed with ELCI males, fecundity was not affected, however the sex ratio
was significantly biased towards males (16.6 % females, compared to 66% in the
control cross ELMAxELMA). In the reciprocal crosses (ELCIxELMA), fecundity was
lower by 30% and the proportion of female offspring was reduced to 52% from 67
%, compared to the control. The fecundity of the F1 hybrid females was
significantly reduced and the eggs they laid were less viable, compared to the
non-hybrids, further reducing the reproductive potential of inter-strain
crosses. Combined with previous data, these results suggest the existence of a
citrus-associated T. urticae host
race.
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Entomologia Hellenica 23 (2014): 39-42.
Orthopaedic Department, General Hospital of Giannitsa,
Giannitsa, Greece
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, Current
address: Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection-Biology,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
Department of Paediatrics, General Hospital of Thessaloniki "G. Gennimatas
– Ag. Dimitrios", 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece
On examination
of the wound of a patient who was treated previously with external fixation for
a diaphysial fracture of the femur, we observed the presence of multiple living
larvae (maggots) of dipterous flies. Treatment included removal of the maggots
and use of antibiotic. The importance of hygiene and sanitation is discussed
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OBITUARY (N.G. EMMANOUEL AND A.E.
TSAGKARAKIS) Sakis Drosopoulos. p. 43-44.
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Volume 22
(2013) Issue II
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Entomologia Hellenica 22 (2013): 23-28.
Department of
Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 26 Ploutonos Str., 412
21 Larissa, Greece.
Department of Agronomy Technologists, Technological
Educational Institute of Western Greece, Theodoropoulou Str., 272 00, Amaliada,
Greece.
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation
for Research and Technology, 100 Nikolaou Plastira Str., 700 13, Heraklion,
Crete, Greece.
Phytopathology Lab, School of Agriculture, Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Division of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum,
London SW7 5BD, UK
In this paper we report two aphid species as new records for the Greek
and the European aphid fauna. The species are Aphis odinae (van der Goot) and Melanaphis
sorghi (Theobald) (Hemiptera:
Aphididae). The former was found on Pittosporum
spp. in Thessaloniki, northern Greece, and the latter on Sorghum halepense (L.) in
Messolonghi, southern Greece, and also in Thessaloniki. Heavy infestations in Pittosporum trees by A. odinae have not
been observed and M. sorghi was not
detected in cultivated sorghum or maize in the few inspections we made. Thus,
according to our inspections neither of these species is as yet of economic
importance in Greece. These two species increase the number of aphid species
recorded in Greece to 335.
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Entomologia Hellenica 22 (2013): 29-34.
Möndenweg 26, D–79594 Inzlingen, Germany
A new species of ant-loving cricket, Myrmecophilus
balcanicus sp. n., is described and illustrated based on individuals collected
in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). It’s
habitat is described. The species belongs to the subgenus Myrmecophilus Berthold, 1827. Myrmecophilus
zorae Karaman, 1963 is recognized as
a junior synonym of Myrmecophilus hirticaudus Fischer von Waldheim, 1846
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Entomologia Hellenica 22 (2013): 35-42.
Laboratory of Entomology and
Acarology, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia – University of Carthage, 43
Avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité Mahrajène, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is
considered as key pest attacking tomato in Tunisia and in many other countries
around the world. In order to investigate the efficacy of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
for biological control of this pest in Northeastern Tunisia, releases were
performed in open field conditions. T.
cacoeciae showed a good efficacy on reducing the number of T. absoluta eggs and larvae when releasing 30 adults/plant in plots covered with insect-proof
netting in May 2012. The results showed that this parasitoid may be a promising
agent for T. absoluta biological
control in Tunisia.
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LYTRA CH.,
VASARMIDAKI M.E. & PAPADOULIS G.TH. First record of Phoenicococcus
marlatti in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 22 (2013): 43-46.
Laboratory of
Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Agricultural Univ. of Athens, 75 Iera
Odos, Athens, Greece.
Municipality of Heraklion, 1 A. Titou, 71202 Heraklion, Greece
In October
2013, the red date scale Phoenicococcus
marlatti Cockerell (Hemiptera: Phoenicococcidae) has been recorded for the
first time in Greece. Adult females were collected from the base of fronds of
date palm from the Crete Island. Information on the species morphology, biology
and distribution is presented.
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Volume 22
(2013) Issue I
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Entomologia Hellenica 22 (2013): 1-6.
Uzhgorod National University,
Department of Entomology and Biodiversity Preservation, 32, Voloshyn str.,
Uzhgorod, 88000, Ukraine
Entomological
collections of the Goulandris Natural History Museum in Athens were reviewed.
Eleven species of the family Malachiidae and six species of the family
Dasytidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) were identified in the collections of the
museum. A species list is provided, where the locations and dates of findings,
as well as the distribution of each species and short comments are given.
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TURRISI GIUSEPPE
FABRIZIO. Review of
Aulacidae from Greece and Cyprus with new records.
Entomologia Hellenica 22 (2013): 7-15.
Via Cristoforo Colombo 8,
95030 Pedara, Catania, Italy
The Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) from Greece and Cyprus are
reviewed. Seven species are recorded, all comprised
within the genus Pristaulacus
Kieffer, 1900. Two of them, P. chlapowskii
Kieffer, 1900 and P. compressus
(Spinola, 1808) are reported for the first time from Greece; P. mourguesi Maneval, 1935, previously
known from only one locality of northern Greece, is recorded for the first time
from the Eastern Aegean islands (Ikaria) and other localities from the Greek
mainland are reported; P. galitae
(Gribodo, 1879) is recorded for the first time from Lesvos island (Eastern
Aegean islands) and Cyprus. Brief references for identification and essential
data on the treated species are provided.
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Entomologia Hellenica 22 (2013): 16-18.
Benaki
Phytopathological Institute, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology,
Laboratory of Biological Control, 8 Stefanou Delta str., Kifissia, 14561,
Greece
This is the first record of the Boungainvillea mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus
in Greece. The mealybug originates from South America and in the last decade
has invaded Europe and particularly the Mediterranean basin. It has become a
major pest for various ornamental plant species. In Spain, it is found to be
parasitized by the parasitoid Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois.
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STATHAS G.J., E.D. KARTSONAS AND
P.J. SKOURAS First record of Kermes echinatus on Quercus ilex.
Entomologia Hellenica 22 (2013): 19-22.
Technological Educational
Institute of Peloponnese, School of Agricultural Technology, Department of Crop
Production, 24 100 Antikalamos, Greece
The scale insect Kermes echinatus
Balachowsky (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae) was
recorded on Quercus ilex in November 2012 in Kalamata and in
December of the same year on the same host species in Athens. Quercus ilex is recorded for the first time as the host of this scale. This
scale is first recorded in continental Greece. The population of the scale in
both areas consisted mainly of first instar nymphs, whereas in Kalamata
individuals of the scale in advanced developmental stages were recorded.
Preliminary studies indicate that natural enemies are active against K. echinatus. Moultings of larvae and
pupae and adults of Chilocorus bipustulatus L. (Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae) were found on colonies of the scale. Parasitoid exit holes were
recorded on female adults of the scale. Some data on morphology and infestation
of the scale on Q. ilex are given.
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Volume 21 (2012) Issue II
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Entomologia Hellenica 21 (2012): 45-53.
Trakia University,
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biology and Aquaculture, Student Campus 6
000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
The study of the Chirpan Eminences tabanid
fauna was completed by means of a route collec-tion in 2008 and regular monthly
collections from two localities during the active tabanid sea-sons in years
2010-2011. The research resulted in the capturing of 1202 tabanid specimens,
1124 of them were females and 78 males. Within this collected sample 24 species
and subspe-cies from 8 genera were determined: Chrysops (2 species), Atylotus
(1 species), Therioplectes (1 species and 1 subspecies), Hybomitra
(3 species), Tabanus (12 species and 1 subspecies), Haematopota (1
species), Dasyrhamphis (1 species) and Philipomyia (1 species).
On the basis of literary data and of the species identified in this research,
it may be asserted that the tabanid fauna in the Chirpan Eminences is
represented by 28 species. Thirteen of them were identified for the first time
for this region. From a zoogeographical point of view, predominant for the
tabanid fauna of the Chirpan Eminences are the elements of the Mediterranean
subregional fauna (64.29 % of the species).
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Entomologia Hellenica 21 (2012): 54-68.
Laboratory of Crop Protection,
Department of Greenhouse Crops and Floriculture, Techno-logical Institute of
Messolonghi, Nea Ktiria, 302 00, Messolonghi, Greece,
Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Dep. of Crop Production and
Agric. Environment, Univ. of Thessaly,Fytokou Str., 384 46 Nea Ionia, Volos,
Greece,
AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5
2JQ, UK,
Mainalou 4, 152 35 Vrilissia, Athens, Greece,
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 26
Ploutonos Str., 412 21 Larissa, Greece
Several papers have been published on aphid fauna in Greece during the
last two decades, but the number of recorded species is still low compared to
other European countries, including some from the Mediterranean basin. In this
context, we collected aphids from various host-plants and regions in southern,
central and northern Greece characterized by diverse flora, cli-matic
conditions and ecological habitats. In total, 128 aphid species belonging to 55
genera and six subfamilies were collected on 200 host-species. Most of the
species dominated the subfami-ly Aphidinae (especially tribes Macrosiphini and
Aphidini). Among the species collected, 18 were new records in Greece. The
present work improves our knowledge regarding the aphid fauna of Greece and
suggests that the number of recorded species could increase further if
ad-ditional studies were undertaken.
===============================================================
PAPADOULIS G.TH. AND A.E. TSAGKARAKIS. First
record of Lilioceris lilii in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 21 (2012): 69-73.
Laboratory of Agricultural
Zoology and Entomology,, Agricultural University of
Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
On May 2007,
the lily beetle Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was
recorded for the first time in Greece. Its occurrence was observed on scarlet
martagon lily and martagon lily plants at Fylaktí, Karditsa. Information
on its morphology, biology and distribution is presented.
===============================================================
NIAMOURIS K. AND PANAGIOTA
PSIROFONIA. First report of Paysandisia
archon on Phoenix theophrasti.
Entomologia Hellenica 21 (2012): 74-76.
In March 2012 Paysandisia archon,
Lepidoptera: Castniidae, a palm tree pest, was found for the first tittle in
the endemic palm species of Crete Phoenix
theophrasti. The infestation was detected in the premises of the
Technological Educational Institute in Heraklion, Crete. Information on its
biology, morphology and distribution is given.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 21
(2012) Issue I
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 21 (2012): 3-12.
Laboratory of Agricultural
Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural
University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 118 55, Athens, Greece
The host plant selection of
the predator Macrolophus melanotoma (Costa)
(=M. caliginosus Wagner) (Hemiptera: Miridae) was studied between: i)
its major non-crop host plant, Dittrichia viscosa L. (W. Greuter)
(Asteraceae) and the solanaceous plants
eggplant, pepper and tomato, and ii) between eggplant, pepper and tomato, in
choice experiments. The experiments were performed in cages where two potted
plants without prey were placed. In each replicate, an adult predator was
released in the centre of the cage or on the solanaceous plant. The position of the released predator
in each cage was recorded at intervals of 20min, 1, 2, and 24h after its
introduction. The results showed that M.
melanotoma had a high selection preference rate for its origin host plant (D.
viscosa) irrespectively of the solanaceous plant that was present in the
cage. The experiments investigating the relative preference of M.
melanotoma when given access only to solanaceous plants revealed that it
preferred eggplant at higher rates than pepper and tomato. These data indicate
that M. melanotoma originating from D. viscosa patches might have
a very low potential to colonize pepper or tomato crops in the open field.
However, its potential to colonize eggplant crops should be further evaluated.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 21 (2012): 13-24.
Benaki Phytopathological
Institute, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 8 Stefanou Delta,
145 61, Kifissia, Greece; e-mail: d.kontodimas@bpi.gr
Among several mathematical models used to
describe the development
or the fecundity of insects the equations
of Enkegaard, Analytis, Bieri 1 and Bieri 2 could describe both
biological features. In the current study these equations used to describe the development and fecundity of two
pseudococcid predators [Nephus includens
(Kirsch) and Nephus bisignatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)] preying on Planococcus citri (Risso)
(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at constant temperatures (15oC -
35oC). All models have goodness of fit to data especially for development [R2adj, RSS and AIC ranged 0.9908-0.9996,
0.0019-89.1752 (x10-4), and
(-75.43) – (-31.07) respectively]. Optimum temperature (Topt) and upper threshold (Tmax) were calculated accurately by all models (Topt ranged 32.6-34.0oC
for N. includens and 30.0-30.6oC for N. bisignatus and Tmax ranged 35.0-38.8oC for N. includens and
33.1-36.0oC for N.
bisignatus, respectively). Lower temperature
threshold (Tmin) was
calculated accurately by Bieri-1 model (11.0 and 10.0oC for N. includens and N. bisignatus
respectively) whereas Analytis model underestimated it (8.0 and 4.9oC). As far as fecundity is
concerned the respective values were better fitted near the optimum temperature
(25oC) [R2adj,
RSS and AIC ranged
0.8246-0.9704, 9.2729-24.0736 and (-246.82) – (-115.34) respectively].
Conclusively, from the tested models
the Bieri-1 equation was proved as the most appropriate for the reason that
could estimate correctly all the requested parameters concerning the
development (Tmin, Topt,
Tmax) as well as it could describe sufficiently the fecundity trend of the two
predators.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 21 (2012): 25-38.
Regional Research
Station, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana -141004, Punjab, India
Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8
Stefanou Delta, 14561 Kifissia, Greece
Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus
solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an important cotton pest
in Punjab, India. Development of the immature stages (four instars in female and
five in male) of P. solenopsis was observed
at nine constant temperatures (15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 34, 35, 38,
===============================================================
TSAGKARAKIS A.E. First record of Siphoninus phillyreae on pomegranate
in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 21 (2012): 39-43.
Laboratory of
Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera
Odos, GR - 118 55 Athens, Greece;
On June 2012, the ash whitefly Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was
recorded for the first time on pomegranate in Greece. Its occurrence was
observed in a pomegranate orchard at Kato Tithorea, in Fthiotida. Information
on its morphology, biology and distribution is presented.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 20
(2011) Issue II
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 55-67.
Administration
of Bosnia and Herzegovina for Plant Health Protection, 8 Radićeva, 71000
Sarajevo
In the present study some bio-ecological
characteristics of Lilioceris lilii in Bosnia and Herzegovina are
presented. The insect’s presence was confirmed in the majority of the
researched locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The average body length of L.
lilii was 7.64 mm (7.025 mm for the males while 8.106 mm for the females)
and the average body width 3.75 mm. The average length of a fully
developed larva was 6.36 mm, and the average width was 2.69 mm. In terms of the
cocoon, the average length was 8.83 mm and its width was 5.82 mm. Duration of
embryonic development under field conditions was 8.5 days in average. The
average duration of larval
development (4 instars) was 16 days and the pupal stage lasted approximately 18
days. Lilioceris lilii retreated into winter quiescence at the beginning
of autumn, thereof completes one generation per year. In the area of Sarajevo
in field conditions the number of the laid eggs per female was 130 in average.
The insect undergoes its entire development at the Asian and Oriental species
of lily, on all the above-ground parts of the plants. Lilium candidum lily
species that was present in all home gardens in the observed areas was the
major host of the L. lilii. Experimentation
with Aloae vera proved that this
species was not a host of L. lilii.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 69-74.
Institute of Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7km
Athens-Sounio Av., 19013 Anavissos, Attica, Greece
Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology,
25240-Erzurum, Turkey
The first record of the genus Berosus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera:
Hydrophilidae) for Crete (Greece) is given. Adults of the collected specimens
were identified as Berosus affinis
Brullé, 1835. Photographs of the adults and larvae of the species and
its habitat are presented, while some notes on its ecology and feeding behavior
are provided
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 75-81.
N.AG.RE.F., Institute for
Mediterranean Forest Ecosystem Research, Laboratory of Entomology, Terma
Alkmanos, 11528 Athens, Greece
Museum Requien, rue Joseph Vernet, F-84000 Avignin, France
The Nearctic assasin bug species Zelus reinardii was found for
the first time in Attica, Greece, Europe. This species is a generalist predator
which can contribute to the control of insect pests. This
is also a known predator of several biological control agents of pests.
Therefore, its naturalization in Greece is potentially
problematic in economic settings since the insect may act as both an intraguild
and a beneficial predator. The risky nature of importation in other
areas (e.g. Hawaii) showed the possibility of these ecological roles.
===============================================================
Petrakis P.V. First record of
Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 83-93.
N.AG.RE.F., Institute for Mediterranean Forest Ecosystem Research, Laboratory of
Entomology, Terma Alkmanos, 11528 Athens, Greece. e-mail:
pvpetrakis@fria.gr
The Nearctic coreid Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann 1910 (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
known as the Western Conifer Seed Bug, is recorded for the first time in
Greece. This highly dispersible species is well established in Europe and was
collected by the authors in various areas of continental Greece (Central Evia,
Attica and North Peloponnisos), suggesting a wide distribution in this country.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 20
(2011) Issue I
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 3-16.
Department of Entomology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115–336, Tehran, Iran,
Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Entomology, St. Delta 8, 145
61, Kifissia, Greece
Developmental rate of immature stages and
age-specific fertility of females of codling moth at constant temperatures was
modeled using non-linear models. The equations of Enkegaard, Analytis, and
Bieri 1 and 2 were evaluated based on the value of adjusted R2 (R2adj)
and Akaike information criterion (AIC) besides coefficient of
determination (R2) and residual sum of squares (RSS).
All models have goodness of fit to data especially for development [R2,
R2adj, RSS and AIC ranged 0.9673-0.9917,
0.8601-0.9861, 0.08-6.7x10-4 and (-75.29) – (-46.26) respectively]. Optimum
temperature (Topt) and upper threshold (Tmax)
were calculated accurately (Topt and Tmax ranged
29.9-31.2oC and 35.9-36.7oC) by all models. Lower
temperature threshold (Tmin) was calculated accurately by
Bieri-1 model (9,9-10,8oC) whereas Analytis
model (7,0-8,4oC) underestimated it. As far as fertility is
concerned the respective values were better fitted near the optimum temperature
(in 30oC) [R2 ,R2adj, RSS and AIC
ranged 0,6966-0,7744, 0,5756-0,6455, 2,44-3,33 x10-4 and (-9,15)-7,15
respectively].
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 17-30.
Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of
Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt,
Plant Protection
Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1525, P.O. Box: 102,
Hungary
A study has been conducted to monitor
geographical spread of the white peach scale Pseudau-lacaspis pentagona (Targioni
Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) (WPS) and its parasitoid populations in 32
stops of the Hungarian highways (M0. M1, M3, M5 and M7) using phero-mone traps
during 2009 and 2010. In addition to the data collected in the current study,
previ-ous data were used to investigate the population trend of this pest from
2007 to 2010. The number of males recorded in traps placed on highways was much
lower than in the sites close to urban areas (M0). Our data support results of
previous studies which suggest the spreading of white peach scale by vehicles
(“transport vector”). The significant decrease in the WPS male catches from
2007 to 2010 might indicate the lowering of the population levels of this pest
in the area of the study. Eight hymenopterous parasitoid species were captured
in pheromone traps. Coccophagus sp. was the predominate species in
pheromone traps of WPS in M7, how-ever they may be
associated with another coccid species. The identity of scale males and some
parasitoids was proved by molecular markers.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 31-44.
Institute of Olive Tree and Subtropical
Plants, Agrokipio, 731 00 Chania, Greece,
Laboratory of
Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera
Odos str., 118 55 Athens, Greece
Population fluctuation, percentage of
parasitism and parasitoid species composition of Phyl-locnistis citrella Stainton
(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in a citrus orchard with orange and
mandarin trees in Chania (Greece), in 1999, three years after the release of
the in-troduced parasitoids Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan), Quadrastichus
sp., Semielacher petiolatus (Girault), Cirrospilus quadristriatus
(Subba Rao and Ramamani) and Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya.
Results showed that significantly more P. citrella indi-viduals per leaf
were recorded on orange than on mandarin trees. Regarding the parasitoid
complex composition, the exotic species C. phyllocnistoides, S.
petiolatus and Quadrastichus sp., as well as the natives Pnigalio
pectinicornis L. and Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood)
were recorded. Among them, C. phyllocnistoides was the most abundant,
followed by S. petiolatus. The average percentage of parasitism reached
17% and 22% on orange and mandarin, respectively.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 45-47.
Technological Educational Institute of
Thessaloniki, School of Agricultural Technology, Laboratory of Entomology, P.
O. Box 141, 57400 Sindos, Greece
Agricultural Entomologist, Emer. Professor Agricultural University of Athens,
Greece
During an inspection survey concerning
stored product insects in the mainland Greece the stored product fungus beetle Adistemia
watsoni Wollaston (Coleoptera: Lathridiidae) was rec-orded to feed upon
conidia of Penicillium developing on stored plums and corn. Information
on its morphology and distribution is briefly given.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 20 (2011): 48-52.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 118 55
Athens, Greece
Laboratory of Plant Breeding & Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens,
75 Iera Odos str., 118 55 Athens, Greece
In October 2007, the sorghum midge Stenodiplosis
sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecido-myiidae) was recorded for the
first time in Greece. Its occurrence was noticed in an experi-mental sorghum
cultivar at Aliartos, near Athens, in Viotia region. Information on its
morphol-ogy, biology and distribution is given.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 19
(2010) Issue II
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 45-53.
Department of Entomology,
Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan,
50250, Israel;
Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 875 Howard
Street, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
Species of the ant genus Melissotarsus Emery are widespread in the Afrotropical region (three species, namely M. beccarii Emery, M. emeryi Forel and M. weissi Santschi) and in the Madagascar region (one species, namely M. insularis Santschi). The ants of all these species tunnel their galleries in live wood of various dicotyledonous trees, close to the bark surface. The ants maintain within these galleries populations of different species of armoured scale insects. A review is presented on the geographical distribution of mutualism, of the Melissotarsus species, the associated 10 species of armoured scale insects, and the host plants on which the mutualism takes place. The ecology of the mutualism is discussed also, together with suggestions on the benefits that the partners gain from the associations.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 54-65.
Centre for Ecological and
Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The
Netherlands;
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of
Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, U.K.;
School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Harold Mitchell Building, St
Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, U.K.
Sex-specific dispersal can have important evolutionary and ecological
implications, influencing local population structure and sex ratio, as well as
the speed at which new habitats can be colonized. In scale insects,
first-instar nymphs (crawlers) are assumed to be the main dispersal stage.
Although all scale insects are extremely sexually dimorphic, in most species
the sexes are indistinguishable as crawlers. Here we consider the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso), and dispersal
by crawlers to or from resource patches. The aim of this study was to test if:
(1) crawler dispersal behaviour differs between the sexes and how this is
affected by local conditions (population density and sex ratio); and (2) there
is a difference between the sexes in crawler dispersal success to a new host
plant. Using two experiments, which differed in how resources were spread
between dispersal sources and sinks, we show that male and female nymphs do not
differ in their dispersal behaviour or in their dispersal success when
dispersal is via crawler locomotion. These laboratory experiments are an
important starting point for understanding the evolution of dispersal behaviour
of P. citri in the field, suggesting that more attention might need to be
paid to different methods of dispersal as well as crawler locomotion.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 66-75.
College of Life
Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
In order to understand how the entomopathogenic fungi infect soft scale
insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), the integument of four species,
namely Ceroplastes japonicus Green, Didesmococcus
koreanus Borchsenius, Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchsenius and
Coccus hesperidum L. were infected with the pathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii, strain NO.
3.4504. The invasion process was studied using the electron microscopy and
chemical analyses methods. The results showed that the fungal conidia easily
become attached on the surface of the cuticle, especially the sites with
furrows and ridges. The hyphae penetrate the integument using mechanical force
and also by the cuticle degradation by the
extracellular enzymes. The fungal penetration results in the structural
anamorphosis and disruption of chitin in the procuticle, causing damage and
separation of cuticle from the epidermis with wax gland cells. The rise in
fungal protease activity occurs prior to the production of chitinase and the
activity values correlate with the quantities of the protein and chitin
contained in the cuticle of the target scale insects.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 76-81.
Plant protection Department, Agricultural Collage,
Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
The morphology of the multilocular disc-pores from the anterior part of
the body (abdominal segments I-III and all thoracic segments, dorso-venterally)
of two species of Porphyrophora (P. tritici and P. cynodontis: Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) were examined
using a scanning electron microscope. The multilocular disc-pores of both
species have 1 or 2 (rarely 3) rings of evenly or unevenly distributed loculi
but the more central rings are almost always incomplete. Each outer ring of the
more anterior disc-pores of P. tritici
was complete, with 5-13 loculi, and the inner ring had 0-4 unevenly distributed
loculi. Each disc-pore of P. cynodontis
had a complete outer ring of 6-9 evenly distributed loculi and an inner ring
with only 0-1 loculi. A bright central
zone is absent in most cases. These
two species are similar in that both
have a dense network of small, globular projections throughout the derm
surface. These observations are discussed in relation to those of light
microscope studies.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 82-89.
The University of
Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
The scale insect genus Apiomorpha
is one of the most chromosomally diverse of all animal genera, with diploid
complements ranging from 4 to 192. There is even considerable variation within
many of the 41 described species. For example, variation within the A. minor species-group (A. minor, A. sessilis and A. annulata) shows an extraordinary
range with counts from 2n = 4 through to 2n = 84. However, much of this
variation is within a single currently recognized species – A. minor. In contrast, another species in the A. minor species group, A. sessilis, has been reported to have
only counts of 2n = 4. To determine whether the reported lack of variation
within A. sessilis was due to limited
sampling, we collected specimens from across its known range of more than 1,100
km in eastern Australia. We did not find any additional chromosome counts for A. sessilis, confirming the constancy of
karyotype in this species. This suggests the question "why does A. sessilis have such a conserved
karyotype throughout its range while A.
minor is so diverse?”
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 90-98.
The University of Queensland,
School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia;
Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A.
The interactions between insect herbivores and their hosts are among the
most fundamental biological associations. Although there are many data
available on the host associations of scale insects, there have been few
attempts to synthesize the available information. Here we examine host
associations of Coccidae, the third most species-rich family of scale insects.
We compare host-plant data for most species of coccids that were available from
online databases, especially ScaleNet, and the literature, with species
richness estimates for host-plant families. Similar to most insect groups,
coccids showed high host specialization with about 64% of species recorded from
only a single plant family. Analysis of the relationship between species
richness of host-plant families and the number of species of coccids recorded
on these plants showed a significant positive correlation between host-plant
species richness per angiosperm plant family and coccid species richness (P < 0.0001). This is expected under a
null model in which host use is randomly distributed across families according
to plant species richness of the families. However, the presence of several
exceptions (Orchidaceae and Asteraceae in particular) warns that host
associations in coccids might be more complex than the correlation analysis
suggests.
===============================================================
SELJAK GABRIJEL. A checklist of scale insects of
Slovenia.
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 99-113.
Agricultural and Forestry
Service Nova Gorica, Department for Plant Health, Pri hrastu 18, SI-5000 Nova
Gorica, Slovenia
The last list of scale insects of
Slovenia was compiled by Franc Janežič (1954) and included 44
species. On the basis of data gathered from the literature and from our own
faunistic researches, a new list of scale insects recorded from or found in the
territory of Slovenia is presented. Altogether 101 species from 9 families are
listed here: Ortheziidae (1 species), Margarodidae (1 species), Pseudococcidae
(18 species), Eriococcidae (8 species), Asterolecaniidae (2 species), Coccidae
(26 species), Kermesidae (1 species), Cerococcidae (1 species) and Diaspididae
(43 species). Eighteen are new to the fauna of Slovenia
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 114-123
University of Forestry, 10,
Kliment Ochridski blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
Beijing
Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
A preliminary list of non-indigenous scale insect species on ornamental
plants in Bulgaria and China is presented. The sampling was done between April
and November, 2009, in the framework of the project “Invasive scale insects on
ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China”. The insects were collected in
nurseries, parks, gardens, botanical collections and greenhouses.
Representatives from four families have been identified in Bulgaria, the most
numerous of which are the Diaspididae (eight species), Coccidae (four species),
Pseudococcidae (two species) and Margarodidae (one species). Three species of
non-indigenous scale insects associated with ornamental plants were collected
in China, all belonging to the family Pseudococcidae. A list of alien scale
insect species on ornamental plants is given, including the sampling sites, host
plants on which they were found, origin and first report in both countries.
===============================================================
Entomologia
Hellenica 19 (2010):
124-131.
LNPV-Station
Montpellier, CBGP Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016 34988
Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France;
CIRAD, UR HortSys, 34398 Montpellier, France;
IITA, 08 B.P. 0932, Cotonou, Benin;
MNHN, département «Systématique et Evolution», UMR 7205
MNHN-CNRS: Origine, Structure et Évolution de la Biodiversité
case postale N° 50 75231 PARIS Cedex 05 France.
A preliminary inventory of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)
developing on the mango tree is presented for Northern and Central Benin. The
following species, Gigantococcus
euphorbiae, Gigantococcus
nigroareolatus, Ceroplastes uapacae,
Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia privigna, Udinia catori, Ferrisia
virgata, Paracoccus interceptus, Phenacoccus solenopsis, Ras-trococcus
invadens, Aonidiella orientalis and
Lepidosaphes tapleyi, were collected
from 2005 to 2007 in mango orchards in the Sudanian area of Benin, on branches,
leaves, and particularly on mango petioles and fruits. Nine of these species
are recorded for the first time in Benin while P. interceptus is recorded in Africa for the first time. Only two,
R. invadens and A. orientalis, of the 12 species are considered as mango pests.
===============================================================
JAPOSHVILI G. AND H. CELIK.
Fauna of Encyrtidae, parasitoids of coccids in Golcuk Natural
Park.
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 132-136.
Entomology and Biocontrol
Research Centre, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia;
Depart. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture,
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), which are parasitoids
of Coccoidea, were collected by malaise trap in Golcuk Natural Park during
March-October, 2009. Forty-four species of encyrtids, belonging to 24 genera,
were recorded during our survey. Two genera and nine species were found to
represent new records for the Turkish fauna. Twenty-eight encyrtid species were
identified to the species level and the remaining specimens to genus and
morphospecies level. This was the first attempt at estimating the scale insect
fauna using their parasitoids collected by malaise traps.
===============================================================
Entomologia
Hellenica 19 (2010):
137-143.
Institut Agroforestal
Mediterrani, CPI Acceso 8E, Universitat Politècnica de València,
46022 Valencia, Spain; Laboratoire
National de la Protection des Végétaux, station de Montpellier,
CBGP Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez,
France; Muséum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Département de Systématique &
Évolution, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS: Origine, Structure et Évolution de
la Biodiversité case postale N° 50 75231 PARIS Cedex 05, France; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Fitosanitarie.
University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; Department of Environmental Agronomy and
Crop Production - Entomology, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università
16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Departamento
de Protecção de Plantas e de Fitoecologia, Instituto Superior de
Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa,
Portugal; Department
of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD, UK
Scale insects are
frequent invaders of new territories. The Bougainvillea mealybug, Phenacoccus
peruvianus Granara de Willink, 2007, was recorded in Europe for the first
time in 1999 in Spain (Almeria) and later in 2002 in Italy (Sicily). Initially,
this unknown species was identified provisionally as Phenacoccus sp.
Records of this species became frequent later when it was found in other
localities in Spain (including the Balearic Islands), Great Britain, France
(including Corsica), Monaco, and Portugal. The host plants of this mealybug
were in most cases species of Bougainvillea.
===============================================================
WILLIAMS
L. MICHAEL. Annotated
list of the scale insects of Guatemala.
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 144-152.
Department of
Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Alabama,
36849-5413, USA
An annotated checklist of the soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
is given for the Central American country of Guatemala. Host and locality data
is presented for each species, along with notes on its taxonomic status. The
list was developed from study of materials collected in Guatemala by the author
and others during the years 1990-2007, and from a review of the literature and
records and slide material in the United States National Museum Coccoidea
Collection. A study of these materials has increased the number of soft scale
insects currently known from Guatemala to 29 species belonging to 23 genera.
Guatemala currently ranks second in the number of soft scale insects known from
Central American countries below Panama, which has 36 recorded species
belonging to 18 genera.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 153-162.
Plant protection
Dept.,
Agricultural College, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran;
Department of Biodiversity and Biological Systematics, the National Museum of
Wales, Cardiff, UK
The Coccoidea on cultivated and non-cultivated
vegetation in Kermanshah, western Iran, were investigated between 2007 and
2009. More than 63 samples from cultivated and non-cultivated plants were
collected. The identified species mainly belonged to the following families:
Diaspididae (12 species), Coccidae (7), Pseudococcidae (4), Margarodidae (3),
Eriococcidae (2) and Ortheziidae (1). The economically important species are
discussed. This project is part of an MSc on Coccoidea studies which has still
some time to run and so we expect that more species will be found in future.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 163-166.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 167-169.
===============================================================
OBITUARY (P.J. GULLAN AND D.J. WILLIAMS): Helen May Brookes
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 170-172.
===============================================================
OBITUARY (B.B. NORMARK AND L. ROSS): Uzi Nur
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 173-176.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 19
(2010) Issue I
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 3-13.
Forest Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Foundation,
Vasilika, Greece, Molecular Ecology Group,
Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck,
Austria, Institute of Forest Entomology,
Forest Pathology & Forest Protection, Department of Forest & Soil
Sciences, University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences, BOKU
Vienna, TEI of
Kavala, School of Agricultural Technology, Dep. of Forestry and Natural
Environment Management, 66100 Drama, Greece
The six toothed bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus L.
(Coleoptera, Scolytinae) is a widely distributed pest in Europe, infesting
mainly Norway spruce (Picea abies) as well as other conifer species such
as Pinus sp., Abies alba, Larix deciduas, L.
sibirica and Pseudotsuga douglasii. Even though the distribution of
this bark beetle coincides that of its main host tree, P. abies, the
occurrence of P. chalcographus has never been recorded in the spruce
forest of Elatia-Drama, Northern Greece, which is the southernmost area of the
natural, autochthonous distribution of P. abies. In this study we
installed five pheromone traps baited with chalcogran dispensers in the forest
of Elatia. The total number of bark beetles attracted to these traps exceeded
several thousands of individuals. Norway spruce trees growing in the natural
forest of Elatia demonstrate low vigor, something that can be attributed to the
marginal environmental conditions in concert with the effects of climate
change. The combination of these factors inhibits the regular growth of spruce,
rendering trees more susceptible to the attack of P. chalcographus.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 14-20.
National Agricultural Research Foundation, Vine Institute, Insectary,
Lykovrysi 14123, S. Venizelou 1, Athens, Greece,
Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture
Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou St.
38436 N. Ionia (Volos), Greece, Laboratory
of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Research conducted during the past three decades suggests that in
contrast to most other tephritid fruit flies, in which sexual pheromones are
produced by males, the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) relies
for its sexual communication on a pheromone that is produced by females.
However, our present study suggests that virgin, mature females are attracted
to male odors. In olfactometer assays extracts of male bodies obtained with a
two-solvent system of methanol and dichloromethane were highly attractive to
virgin females. This was observed during the last two hours of the photophase,
when males are sexually active, but not during the first hours of the
photophase, or when mated females were tested. Extracts of male bodies obtained
with diethyl ether were also attractive to virgin females, albeit not as
strongly as the two-solvent extracts. These results strongly indicate that
males of the olive fruit fly elicit attraction to virgin females based on
olfactory stimuli. The importance of these findings for understanding the
sexual behavior of the olive fruit fly is discussed.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 21-33.
Department of Plant Protection and Post-harvest Diseases, Laboratory of
Entomology, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43,
Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Cité Mahrajène, Tunis,
Tunisia, Department of Crop
Production Sciences, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Cité
Mahrajène, Tunis, Tunisia
Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) cause major economic losses in
many Tunisian grape-growing areas. In an attempt to improve management
strategies for the Vine Mealybug (VM) Planococcus ficus (Signoret),
three insecticides, imidacloprid, Prev-Am® and spirotetramat, were evaluated
for their effect on this insect on vine, with reference to methidathion. The
systemic insecticide spirotetramat (Movento® 150 OD) provided the greatest
control performance of the VM populations, compared to the contact insecticide
methidathion, the systemic insecticide imidacloprid applied through furrow irrigated
system, and to Prev-Am®, a new contact biopesticide. Three weeks after
treatment, VM eggs and adult females were missing from spirotetramat-treated
vines. Additionally, spirotetramat supplied a long-residual activity against VM
populations and prevented further spread of these insects on vine leaves.
Therefore, this new systemic insecticide could be incorporated in an Integrated
Pest Management program for VM control in Tunisian vineyards. Despite its
short-residual activity, Prev-Am® was shown to be more effective than both
methidathion and imidacloprid, mainly on VM eggs and L3 nymphs, and resulted in
the highest level of VM L1-L2 nymph decrease on vine trunks. Hence, this
biopesticide might prove useful for VM management in vineyards.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 34-38.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 19 (2010): 39-41.
Benaki
Phytopathological Institute, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, 8
Stefanou Delta, Kifissia, 14561, Greece
The sisal weevil, Scyphophorus acupunctatus (synonyms: S. interstitialis,
S. anthracinus, S. robustior, Rhynchophorus asperulus) has been found in
Greece on ornamental Agave sp. planted in a hotel garden in Vouliagmeni,
Attiki on May 2010. The species was identified according to Vaurie’s key
(1971). Scyphophorus acupunctatus originates from the Nearctic Region (USA, Mexico, Cayman islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Netherlands
Antilles, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,
Nicaragua, Virgin Islands, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela), but it has
been also found in Asia (Indonesia, Saudi Arabia), Africa (Kenya, South Africa,
Tanzania) and Oceania (Australia: Queensland). In Europe, it has been recorded firstly in the Netherlands in 1980 on
imported ornamental Yucca plants, as well as several times between
1984-2006 on imported ornamental Beaucarnea, Dasylirion and Yucca
plants. In addition, it has been recorded in Italy (Lombardia) in 2000 on Beaucarnea
recurvata as a glasshouse incursion as well as on Agave americana in Sicily in a public park on 2006. Finally, infested plants A. americana
found in France (Saint Tropez) in a public park on 2007. Scyphophorus acupunctatus is referred to attack Agave
spp. (e.g. A. sisalana, A. fourcroydes, A. tequilana, A.
americana), Beaucarnea recurvata, Dasylirion
longissimum, Dracaena draco, Furcraea foetida, Yucca
spp. (e.g. Y. aloifolia, Y. elephantipes, Y. glauca),
Polianthes tuberosa. Adults of S. acupunctatus are small black
weevils, 9-15 mm long. The larval stage completes its development within 5 instars.
The fully developed larva is about 18 mm long, creamy white and legless.
Pupation takes place within a cocoon maiden by plant fibres. The total life
cycle lasts 50-90 days. In cases of severe attacks, plants may die mainly from
the feeding activity of the larvae which bore galleries into the infested
plants, whereas adult damage consists of feeding punctures on young leaves.
===============================================================
OBITUARY
(N.
Vakalis) : Anna Samanidou p. 43.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 18
(2009)
===============================================================
SARIDAKI A. and K. BOURTZIS. Wolbachia-induced reproductive parasitism and applications.
Entomologia Hellenica 18 (2009): 3-16.
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University
of Ioannina, 2 Seferi st., 30100 Agrinio, Greece
Insects have been reported to be associated with a broad variety of
microorganisms, affecting the host biology in many different ways. Among them, Wolbachia,
an obligatory intracellular and maternally-inherited symbiont, has recently
attracted a lot of attention. Beside insects, Wolbachia are found in
association with a wide variety of other invertebrate species, including mites,
scorpions, spiders, crustaceans, filarial nematodes. Several surveys have
indicated that Wolbachia may be symbiont of up to 70% of all insect
species, rendering Wolbachia the most ubiquitous intracellular symbiotic
organism on Earth. Wolbachia-host interactions range from many forms of
reproductive parasitism to mutualistic symbioses. Different Wolbachia
strains have been found to induce a number of reproductive alterations such as
feminization, parthenogenesis, male-killing or cytoplasmic incompatibility.
Despite their common occurrence and major effects on host biology, speciation
and ecological diversity, little is known on the molecular mechanisms that
mediate Wolbachia-host interactions. Recent studies focus on the
potential of Wolbachia-based methods for the biological control of
insect pests and disease vectors of agricultural, environmental and medical
importance.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 18 (2009): 17-34.
Benaki
Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides’ Control and
Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Pesticides, 8 Stefanou
Delta str., 145 61 Kifissia, Greece; Department
of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College at Wye, University of London, Wye,
Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, U.K
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 18 (2009): 35-46.
Laboratoire de Biologie des
Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES-EA-1207, Université
d’Orléans, BP6759, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans cedex 2,
France; INRA, Centre d’Orléans, Unité de
Zoologie Forestière, BP20619 Ardon, 45166 Olivet cedex, France
Considering the key role of Monochamus galloprovincialis
(Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the
dispersion of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
(Steiner & Bührer) Nickle (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea), in Europe,
defining the host spectrum and preference of M. galloprovincialis is of
primary importance for forest management. Therefore, comparative studies under
laboratory conditions were performed in order to define the feeding and
oviposition preferences of M. galloprovincialis adults as well as the
larval development on Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster. Both
nutrition and oviposition were significantly higher on P. sylvestris.
However, no difference was found when comparing larval survival on the two Pinus
species even though larvae attended the fourth instar earlier when reared on P.
sylvestris than on P. pinaster. The results of this study reinforce
the suspicions of a future rapid propagation of the nematode, by M.
galloprovincialis, into the Pine forests all over Europe.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 18 (2009): 47-55.
Departmant of Plant Protection,
Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
Coleoptera diversity was investigated at Golcuk Natural Park, Isparta, Turkey.
Thirty four families of Coleoptera were recorded during the survey.
Coleopterans were most abundant in a site close to an old apple orchard where
33% of all sampled individuals were found. Less frequently recorded families
were found in a site close to the main entrance and picnic area. Coleopteran
families were found to be unequally partitioned in all six microhabitats. The
highest similarity index (0.85) was found between sites close to the Park
entrance and close to the old apple orchard. Distribution of the abundance of
coleopteran families was significantly different between all studied habitats.
The study revealed that the site close to the old apple orchard and sites with
xerophilic natural plants provide special micro-habitats for Coleopteran fauna.
===============================================================
Entomologia
Hellenica 18
(2009): 56-61.
Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia (Florina),
School of Agricultural Technology, Laboratory of Apiculture, 53100 Florina,
Greece
From the study of the Greek bumblebee fauna (Hymenoptera: Apidae,
Bombini), species lists have been published based on both literature records
and original data from collected bees. Since 1995 a special effort to confirm
with newly collected bees all bumblebee species reported in literature records
for Greece has been in progress. Although numerous specimens have been
collected and examined and in some instances yielding new Bombus species
for the Greek insect fauna, some species, mainly those reported in older
references, have not yet been found. Recently, identification of bumblebees
collected in the Florina Prefecture - Northwest Macedonia, during the years 2006 and 2007 yielded information for two “literature cited” species, Bombus subterraneus (Linnaeus 1758) and Bombus cryptarum
(Fabricius 1775). A B. subterraneus queen (collected at 40°47´38N, 21°26´10E on Vicia cracca) was distinguished by morphological
characteristics and a worker B. cryptarum (collected at 40°41´58,7N, 21°28´18,5E
on Echium spp) was revealed using mitochondrial DNA RFLP
analysis of the CO1 gene. These new records from Florina are provided with comments, confirming the species presence in Greece for the first time after
approximately 40 years.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 18 (2009): 62-73.
National Agricultural Research Foundation, Plant Protection Institute of
Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece; National Agricultural Research
Foundation, Forest Research Institute, 57006 Vasilika, Greece; Technological
Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, School of Agricultural
Technology, 57400 Sindos, Greece
In this study some selected insecticides were
evaluated for their effect on gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L., (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) under laboratory
conditions. Diflubenzuron, methoxyfenozide, triflumuron,
fenoxycarb, fenoxycarb + lufenuron, Bacillus thuringiensis 50% subsp. kurstaki + Bacillus thuringiensis 50% subsp. aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and spinosad were used in the recommended
concentration, against the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
larval instars of L.
dispar. The effectiveness of the above insecticides as well as
the speed of action (LTime50 and LTime90) expressed in
days, were examined in detail. Spinosad and methoxyfenozide presents a
relatively higher speed of action in relation to the other insecticides. LTime50
of spinosad and methoxyfenozide did not differ significantly among the first
three larval instars and ranged from 0 to 0.61 and 1.13 to 1.74 days,
respectively. Regarding IGRs, the mixture (fenoxycarb + lufenuron) and
triflumuron were the most effective in relation to the other IGRs tested.
Moreover, Bacillus
thuringiensis
toxins were effective only against the first two larval instars.
===============================================================
PAPACHRISTOS D., P. MILONAS and M.
PAPASOTIRIOY. First
record of Capparimyia savastani in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 18 (2009): 74-77.
Benaki Phytopathological
Insitute, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 8 St. Delta Str., 145 61, Kifissia,
Athens, Greece; Direction of Rural Development of Milos, 84300
Milos, Greece
During the summer of 2008 extensive infestation was
observed on edible flower buds of wild and cultivated caper plants (Capparis
sp.) in Milos island. Larvae were taken from
infested plants and kept in laboratory conditions at 24±1oC, 70±5% RH, and
under a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h until adult’s emergence. Adults were identified
as the species Capparimyia savastani (Martelli) (Diptera: Tephritidae).
The presence of this species is recorded for the first time in Greece. The
larvae of C. savastani fed on flower buds of caper plants and it appears
to be capable to cause extensive damage on cultivated and wild caper.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 17 (2007-2008)
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 17 (2007-2008): 3-11.
Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 S. Delta Str. 14561 Kifissia
Athens, Greece, Agriculture University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens,
Greece, NCSR «Demokritos» 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attikis, POB 60228 Athens,
Greece
The attract-and-kill strategy requires an intelligent
and an efficient combination of an attractant and a killing agent such as a
pheromone and an insecticide respectively. The production of the synthetic
oviposition pheromone of the mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera:
Culicidae) was already achieved and its combination with three different
insecticides were tested. Furthermore three larvicides, an insect growth
regulator (pyriproxyfen), an organophosphate (temephos) and a microbial (Bacillus
thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) were tested in the laboratory
against Culex pipiens biotype molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) as
agents that can keep water free from mosquito larvae. Larvicidal activity, over
a 50-day period, revealed good results primary for temephos and secondary for pyriproxyfen.
Temephos killed all the hatched larvae (100%) while pyriproxyfen was effective
the first five days (>90%) and for the following days mortality was in a
rate between 60 and 80%. The results from oviposition bioassays revealed that
except temephos all the tested larvicidals repel gravid females of laying eggs
for the first two days. However, when synthetic pheromone is combined with the
three larvicidals, temephos and microbial agent followed the same attractant
pattern as synthetic pheromone independently.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 17 (2007-2008): 12-27.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens,
Greece, dperdikis@aua.gr
The species composition and seasonal abundance of aphids and their natural enemies were investigated in an apple orchard located in central Peloponnese. For that purpose shoots were collected at weekly intervals. The aphid species Aphis pomi De Geer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Eriosomatidae) were recorded. In both years of the study, A. pomi developed higher populations than the other two species. The population of A. pomi was high in June and July. D. plantaginea was present in April and May, with high numbers mainly in May, whilst E. lanigerum was recorded in low numbers from May to July. The number of aphids was not found to differ significantly between samples collected from the northern and southern part of the trees. The species composition of aphid population on each sampled shoot, documented spatial segregation between A. pomi and D. plantaginea. It was proved that the eggs were more commonly laid near the buds of the central part of the twigs. The natural enemies found were predators belonging to the families of Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae and Anthocoridae. Generally, their numbers were low.
===============================================================
STATHAS G. J. The scale insect Dynaspidiotus abietis
(Schrank) on Abies cephalonica (Pinaceae).
Entomologia Hellenica 17 (2007-2008): 28-33.
Technological Educational Institute of
Kalamata, School of Agricultural Technology Department of Crop Production,
Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece,
gstathas@teikal.gr
Data on phenology and morphology of the scale insect Dynaspidiotus
abietis (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), found on fir trees Abies
cephalonica (Pinaceae) on mount Taygetos (Peloponnesus - southern Greece),
are presented. The species is biparental and oviparous. During
this study (June 2004 – August 2006) D. abietis completed one generation
per year. It overwintered as mated pre-ovipositing female adult.
Ovipositions were recorded from May to July. The majority of the hatches of the
crawlers were observed in June. Predated individuals of the scale which were
found during the study period were attributed to the presence of the predator Chilocorus
bipustulatus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 17 (2007-2008): 34-41.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens,
Greece, dperdikis@aua.gr
Aspects related to the management
of the pistachio seed wasp Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol’skaya (Hymenoptera:
Eurytomidae), were investigated. E. plotnikovi has internal feeding
habits. However, the external appearance of the fruits could be used to
distinguish between infested and uninfested fruits, since fruits partly
blackish or brownish and shriveled had higher infestation levels than those
without any discolouration. The adult emergence from the fruits was completed
within a short period of 12 days, from the middle until the end of May. This
pest overwinters as larva inside the mummified fruits. The application of
sanitation measures for the control of this pest was experimentally
investigated. The results showed that no adults emerged from fruits that were
buried in the soil but also from those that remained on the soil surface during
winter. Thus, it seems that there is no need for burying them by tillage under
the soil as it had been proposed. This result might be essential in the wider
adoption of this method in the management of this pest.
===============================================================
KONTODIMAS
D. C., G. J. STATHAS &
A. F. MARTINOU. The status of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Greece: A case of an exotic predator that failed
to establish?
Entomologia Hellenica 17 (2007-2008): 42-51.
Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of
Entomology Agricultural and Agricultural Zoology, 8 St. Delta, 14561 Kifissia,
Greece, Technological Educational Institute of Kalamata, School of Agricultural
Technology, Department of Crop Production, 24 100 Antikalamos, Greece,
During 1994 -1999 several hundred thousands of Harmonia axyridis adults
were released at various cultivations infested by aphids (citrus, vegetable and
bean crops, maize, etc.) or in urban places on ornamental plants in
central and southern Greece (mainly Attica and Peloponnessos region) as well as
on several islands. During 1995-2007, samplings were conducted in some areas,
in spring just before any new releases, in order to determine if H. axyridis
overwintered in the field. In spring 1995 (the year that followed the first
releases) as well in spring 1996-97 and 2000-07, no presence of H. axyridis was
recorded in any of the orchards where the predator had been released. Only in
spring 1998 and 1999 small colonies (<50 individuals) of overwintered H.
axyridis adults were observed in Attica region. The above results indicate
an inability of the H. axyridis released populations to establish in
Greece, although in some areas this species became an important biocontrol
agent during the season. In addition, some data collected regarding the
composition of native coccinelid species pre- and post- release of H.
axyridis could be an indication of no adverse effects imposed by H.
axyridis on the native coccinellid fauna in Greece. Despite that, any
re-initiation of releases of H. axyridis would not be wise because of
its multiple negative effects observed in other countries of Europe and the
USA. Contrary to this, the application of a survey and monitoring programme
that will allow us to be prepared in case of a possible invasion of H.
axyridis from northern Europe is suggested.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 17 (2007-2008): 52-55.
Agricultural Research Institute, Plant Protection Section, P.O.Box
22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus, Agricultural University of Athens,
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens,
Greece
A bruchid beetle was emerged from the seeds of Leucaena leucocephala (syn.
Leucaena glauca Benth., Family Mimosaceae).
This endophagous seed predator was identified as Acanthoscelides
macrophthalmus (Schaeffer) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Seed specimens were collected
from L. leucocephala at the Nicosia district (35° 11'N., 33° 23'E). The
identification took place at the Agricultural University of Athens where
specimens are stored. The insect was identified by morphological traits
according to methods described by Kingsolver (2004). Body length is 2.9-3.8mm
and width 1.8-2.0mm. Adults fly readily when disturbed. The integument color is
red, occasionally with diffuse piceous marginal shading on elytra. Vestiture is
of fine dark brown, gray, and golden setae in pattern. Head and pronotum are
golden with little or no pattern. The length of the elytra is slightly longer
than the width of the two elytra together. Eggs are laid either on the Leucaena
pod surface, over a seed, or directly on exposed seeds. They are less than
1mm in length. The larva hatches and chews into the seed. In the seed, larva
passes through all its molts until the adult bruchid emerges. The
characteristic circular escape hole can be seen in pods that have matured and
dried out. According to international literature this bruchid beetle appears to
be a seed predator native to Central and South America. It feeds on seeds of
Neotropical Leucaena (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) and one of its hosts is Leucaena
leucocephala, a fast-growing nitrogen-fixing tree that serves as a
multi-purpose beneficial plant. Research was carried out in several countries
in order to use this bruchid species as a biological control agent in
controlling Leucaena´s seeds. A. macrophthalmus appears to
be very effective in reducing Leucaena´s seed numbers in
laboratory environment. It is recorded that 95% or more of seed may be
infested, but under field conditions this effectiveness may vary. Research in
Australia showed that the bruchid is not able to regulate the invasiveness of Leucaena
and this is because the population densities of the insect in relation with
the seed numbers on each plant are proportionally unequal. Leucaena´s
seed predator, A. macrophthalmus, satisfies the criteria as a control
agent in Asia. This seed beetle has already been introduced to South Africa for
the control of L. leucocephala. L. leucocephala is a thornless
long-lived shrub or tree which may grow to heights of 7-18m. Leaves are
bipinnate with 6-8 pairs of pinnae bearing 11-23 pairs of leaflets 8-16mm long.
The inflorescence is a cream coloured globular shape which produces a cluster
of flat pods 13-18mm long containing 15-30 seeds. The plant is known for its
drought tolerance. Seed remain viable from several months to several years. The
hard waxy seed coat makes scarification necessary before planting. Leucaena is
a widely used species as a valuable fodder shrub for increased animal
production in the tropics. It is an ever green forage
rich in protein, minerals and B-carotene. The plant can also be grazed
directly, is well accepted by livestock, particularly goats and is quite
resistant to heavy, frequent defoliation. The crop can be cut at mature stage
for silage or fodder. On the other hand, L. leucocephala is a “conflict
tree” being widely promoted for tropical forage production and reforestation.
At the same time, it is spreading naturally and is widely reported as a weed.
This species has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst"
invaders and has been reported as a weed in more than 20 countries across all
continents except Europe (only in Madeira is reported) and Antarctica. In
Japan, L. leucocephala, initially introduced as a beneficial tree in the
19th century, escaped from cultivation by seed dispersal and has become weedy
in tropical regions of Japan and other areas. In Cyprus, there are records that
Leucaena was introduced into the island about 25 years ago as a valuable
fodder plant and that this plant species was extensively cultivated in many
areas, such as Limassol, Protaras (Famagusta district), Potami and Anayia
(Nicosia district), and other areas in order to be given as fodder shrub to
horses. After few years of intensive feeding by horses it was found that the
last were suffering from hair loss, attributing this to poisonous substances
contained in Leucaena foliage and affecting horses´ health, in
general. After this incidence, its cultivation was discontinued. Nowadays L.
leucocephala can be found individually in an altitude of 0 to 500m in
agricultural areas, coastland, natural and planted forests, and in urban areas
(across roads, pavements, parks etc). To our knowledge this is the first report
of the insect A. macrophthalmus in Cyprus.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 17 (2007-2008): 56-59.
Technological Educational Institute of
Kalamata, School of Agricultural Technology, Department of Crop Production, 24
100 Antikalamos, Greece, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of
Entomology Agricultural and Agricultural Zoology, 8 St. Delta, 14561 Kifissia,
Greece
The pyriform scale Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell)
(Hemiptera: Coccidae), is widely distributed in many countries of the world. In
the Mediterranean basin, the coccid has been recorded in France, Israel, Italy,
Portugal and Spain. It is a polyphagous insect with more than 100 plant hosts
belonging to 34 families. It was recently recorded for the first time in
Greece, on the laurel Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae). Its phenology and
ecology was studied in the area of Kalamata (Southern Peloponnesus) on L.
nobilis, where it was found to complete several overlapping generations
every year. The duration of generation time was estimated to last ~52 days in
nature during winter and it was shortened to 29-33 days during summer. It was
found to be parasitized by Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) (Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae). However, the scale was able to resist parasitization by
encapsulating the parasitoid’s eggs. The predator Chilocorus
bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was found to be the
natural enemy of the scale. During the present study a survey was made in the
area of Kalamata on 17 plant species belonging to the families Agavaceae,
Araliaceae, Cannaceae, Leguminosae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae and
Verbenaceae, in order to record the distribution of P. pyriformis among
other host plants in this area. In June 2007 P. pyriformis was found on Hedera
helix L. (Araliaceae) at the area of Almyros (36°59´58´´N, 22º09´18´´Å) and in May 2008 on Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) in the city
of Kalamata (37°01´48´´N, 22º07´06´´Å). From the examination of H. helix and C.
aurantium infested samples in the laboratory, it was found that P.
pyriformis settles mainly on the lower leaf surface of both hosts, it is
parthenogenetic and oviparous, and produces increased amounts of honeydew
throughout the whole year. Protopulvinaria pyriformis could be
considered a potential serious pest, as it is reported as an important pest of
fruit trees and ornamental plants in many parts of the world. The fact that 5
years after the 1st record of the scale (2003) it is found to infest new plant
species in the area of Kalamata, indicates that it is important to extend the
studies of its biology and ecology. Furthermore, the knowledge of the role and
importance of its natural enemies is considered basic in planning an effective
program of integrated pest management.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 16 (2005-2006)
===============================================================
VOURLIOTI F. & P.G. MILONAS. Influence of female age of Trichogramma cacoeciae
and host eggs age on its parasitic effectiveness.
Entomologia Hellenica 16
(2005-2006): 3-10.
Biological Control Lab., Department of Entomology,
Benaki Phytopathological Institute Delta str. 145 61 Kifissia, Greece e-mail: p.milonas@bpi.gr
Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate
the influence of female age of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal)
(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and egg age of Lobesia botrana (Denis
& Schiffermueller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on parasitoid effectiveness.
It was found that T. cacoecciae females parasitize more frequently 4
days old L. botrana eggs than younger ones. Furthermore, developmental
time of their offspring retarded and percentage of viable eggs decreased when
parasitoid larvae fed with older eggs. T. cacoecciae females that were 4
days old were more effective in parasitising L. botrana eggs. Rearing
the parasitoids on Sitotroga cerealella eggs for one generation resulted
in a decreased number of parasitised eggs of L. botrana than when reared
on Ephestia kuehniella eggs. The implications of these results in
selecting a candidate species for biological control are discussed.
===============================================================
D.C. KONTODIMAS, P.G. MILONAS, V.
VASSILIOU, N. THYMAKIS & D. ECONOMOU. The occurrence of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in
Greece and Cyprus and the risk against the native greek
palm tree Phoenix theophrasti.
Entomologia Hellenica 16
(2005-2006): 11-15.
Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta,
14561, Kiffissia, Greece, D.Kontodimas@bpi.gr, P.Milonas@bpi.gr, Agricultural
Research institute, P. O.Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus,
V.Vassiliou@arinet.ari.gov.cy, Greek Palm Society, 7 Frynis, 146 71, Nea
Erythraea, Greece, thymakis@agroartistico.com, mimoikon@yahoo.gr
The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleopiera:
Curculionidae), is the most important pest of palm trees in the world. In the
last decade R. ferrugineus has invaded the Mediterranean basin where it
causes severe damage in date palm cultivations as well as in ornamental palm
trees. R. ferrugineus has been found for first time in Greece in
Hersonissos (Heraklion district, Crete) infesting Phoenix canariensis,
on November 11th, 2005 and for first time in Cyprus in Limassol
district on August 20th, 2006, infesting also P. canariensis.
Afterwards, R. ferrugineus has been found in Rhodos island,
Greece, on 15/9/2006 and in Oropos and Ellinikon (Attiki district, Greece) on
5/12/2006 and 27/12/2006 respectively, infesting mainly P. canariensis.
In Cyprus it has also been found in October 2006 in Larnaca, Famagusta and
Paphos districts. In laboratory experimentation the susceptibility of the
native Greek palm tree Phoenix theophrasti in R. ferrugineus was
proved.
===============================================================
STATHAS G.J. & F. KOZAR. Chrysomphalus aonidum as pest of citrus in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 16
(2005-2006): 16-21.
Technological Educational Institute of Kalamata,
School of Agricultural Technology, Department of Crop Production, Laboratory of
Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, 24100-Antikalamos, Greece, email:
gstathas@teikal.gr, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 102, Budapest, H-1525 Hungary, email:
h2405koz@ella.hu
The presence of the scale insect Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus)
(Hemiptera: Diaspididae), (the Florida red scale) is recorded in Greece and
some data on its morphology are given. The coccid was found on the ornamental
plant Dracaena sp. in Athens in the year 2000 and its rearing on potato
tubes (Solanum tuberosum) and Cucurbita maxima is possible in the
insectary. In January 2007 C. aonidum was found on heavily infested Citrus
limon and Citrus sinensis, as well as on
the less infested ornamental bushes Ficus benjamina and Ligustrum
japonicum in outdoor conditions in the city of Kalamata
(Peloponnese-southern Greece). In the past the presence of C. aonidum
was recorded in Greece, but it was considered an occasional pest of citrus due
to its difficulty to become acclimatized.
===============================================================
VAMVAKAS M., D.C.
KONTODIMAS & P.G. MILONAS. First record of Monarthropalpus buxi in Greece and some data
of its phenology.
Entomologia Hellenica 16
(2005-2006): 22-26.
Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta,
14561, Kiffissia, Greece, D.Kontodimas@bpi.gr, P.Milonas@bpi.gr,
mbambaka@hol.gr
The gall inducing insect Monarthropalpus buxi (Laboulbene)
(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) has been recorded in Greece on 20/4/2004 in Athens
(Ellinikon, GPS point: N 370 54’ 22”, E 23° 44’ 34”) on Buxus roduntifolia.
Two-20 larvae per infested leaf were noticed but only 2-3 adults per leaf
emerged. The majority (>92%) of the population of M. buxi completed
one generation per year and adults emerged from late April to early May. A
small proportion (<8%) of the population completed two generations per year
and I generation adults emerged from late January to late March. Second
generation adults emerged from late June to late July. In addition, during 2006
parasitism by Torymus sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) on larvae of the fly
has been noticed.
===============================================================
SASHINDRAN NAIR K., .JULA S. NAIR &
V.A. VIJAVAN.
Changes in the total
protein, carbohydtate and lipid contents in selected tissues of silkworm, Bombyx
mori L. under the influence of a juvenoid R394.
Entomologia Hellenica 16
(2005-2006): 27-36.
Central Sericultural Research & Training
Institute, Mysore-570008, Karnataka, India, Department of Studies in Zoology,
Manasagangotri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India,
A juvenoid. R394 (Ethyl 9-cyclohexyl-3,7-dimethyl-2,4-nonadienoate)
was applied topically to 5th instar silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
larvae (Hybrid: KA x NB4D2) at a dose of 0.039 nl/larva at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h,
for silk yield improvement. Three major selected tissues viz., posterior silk
gland (PSG), haemolymph and fat body were collected from fully-grown larvae and
the total protein, total carbohydrate and total lipid contents were estimated
following standard procedures. The result indicated that the content of these
primary metabolites varied significantly in the selected tissues depending on
the time of juvenoid application. The highest protein content was observed in
the haemolymph and silk gland in the larvae treated at 72 h whereas the fat
body protein content was lowest for the same treatment. The total carbohydrate
was recorded lowest in the 72 h treated larvae as against the highest in the
control both in haemolymph and fat body with no significant change in PSG. The
total lipid content did not show any notable variation in the concentration on
juvenoid administration except in the silk gland treated up to 72 h which
showed a decline. The results indicate that the juvenoid induces
tissue-specific responses in terms of turnover in primary metabolites which
commensurates with the corresponding changes observed in the cocoon weight and
cocoon shell weight.
===============================================================
PAPADOPOULOU
C. SMARAGDI. Definition of timing in the
control of the lst generation Lasioderma serricorne adults,
inside tobacco stores, based on the development of the oocytes.
Entomologia Hellenica 16 (2005-2006): 37-43.
Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki,
School of Agricultural Technology, Laboratory of Entomology, 54101, email:
papsm@cp.teithe.gr
The development of the oocytes of pupae,
females inside the pupal cell and after emergence of Lasioderma serricorne
(F.) (Coleoptera:
Anobiidae) was studied by dissecting their abdomen. The time of oocytes
maturation as well as that of the starting of their oviposition, in combination
with the insect’s developmental threshold was determined, aiming to time the 1st
effective control against the emerging adults of the 1st generation.
===============================================================
VASSARMIDAKI MARIA, N. THYMAKIS & D.C. KONTODIMAS. First record in Greece of the palm
tree pest Paysandisia archon.
Entomologia Hellenica 16
(2005-2006): 44-47
Heraklion Municipality, 1 Agiou Thou, 71202,
Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Greek Palm Society, 7 Frynis, Nea Erythraia, Greece,
thymakis@agroartisico.com, Benaki Phvtopathological Institute, 8 St. Delia,
14561 Kifissia, Greece, dckontodimas@hotmail.com
The presence of Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) was
observed for first time in Greece from the first author on 13/9/2006 in
Herakilon (Crete Island) infesting Washingtonia robusta, Trachycarpus
fortunei and Chamaerops humilis. On the infested palm trees larvae
and an empty pupariurn were found. The infestation was made obvious by the
residues of the feeding activity as well from the feces of the larvae. In addition. P. archon was found from the second
author on 27/12/2006 in Aghios Stefanos (Attica) on Trachycarpus fortunei.
The species was identified according to Sarto I Monteys key. P. archon is
an important pest of palm trees infesting many species, such as Butia yatay,
Charnaerops humilis, Latania sp., Livistona chinensis, L. decipiemis, L.
saribus, Phoenix canariensis, P. dactylifera, P. reclinata Sabal sp.,
Trachycarpus fortunei, Trithrirax campestris and Washingtonia spp. P. archon
is originated from South America (Argentina. Brazil, Paraguay
and Uruguay). In Europe it has been already found in France, Italy,
Spain and United Kingdom.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 15 (2003-2004)
===============================================================
KONTODIMAS, D.C., LYKOURESSIS, D.P, KARANDINOS, M.G., KATSOYANNOS, P., STATHAS, G.J., ELIOPOULOS, P.A. and ECONOMOU, L.P. The effect of temperature on the development of Nephus includens (Kirsch) and Nephus bisignatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), predators of Planococcus citri Risso (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae).
Entomologia
Hellenica 15
(2003-2004): 3-18.
Benaki
Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta, 14565, Kifissia, Greece,
e-mail: dckontodimas@hotmail.com, Agricultural University of Athens, 75
Iera Odos, 11855, Votanikos, Athens, Greece, National
Agricultural Research Foundation, 19 Eghialias & Halepa, 15125,
Marousi, Greece, Technological Educational Institute of Kalamata,
24100, Antikalamos, Greece.
The effect of temperature ïç the development of
the predators Nephus includens (Kirsch) and Í. bisignatus (Boheman)
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was studied. The development time of immature
stages and the pre-oviposition period of adult females for the two predators was recorded at eight constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 32.5, 35 and 37.5°C). The beetles were reared on eggs, nymphs and female
adults of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) that had
developed on squash (Cucurbita pepo) and on sour orange leaves (Cºtrus
aurantium). Using the linear model for the biological cycle of Í.
includens on squash and on sour orange leaves, the developmental zeros
(lower temperature thresholds) were estimated to be 10.9 and 11.0°C
respectively and the thermal constants, 490.5 and 472.8 day-degrees
respectively. Using the Lactin model the lower thresholds were estimated to be
11.1 and 11.2°C respectively and the upper thresholds 36.1 and 36.0°C
respectively. For the biological cycle of Í. bisignatus, using the
linear model, the lower thresholds were estimated to be 9.4°C on squash and
9.3°C on sour orange leaves and the thermal constants were 614.3 and 647.9
day-degrees respectively. Using the Lactin model the lower thresholds were
estimated to be 9.9 and 1O.0°C respectively and the upper thresholds, 34.7 and
35.0°C respectively. The survival rate of Í. includens instars at 10,
15, 20, 25, 30, 32.5, 35 and 37.5°C on squash and on sour orange leaves was
respectively 0.0, 34.9, 63.2, 70.6, 63.3, 54.5, 19.8, 0.0, and 0.0, 32.2, 61.0,
68.0, 68.3, 56.6, 17.6, 0.0%. The survival rate of Í. bisignatus instars
at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32.5 and 35°C on squash and on sour orange leaves was
respectively, 0.0, 39.9, 61.1, 60.7, 47.2, 26.4, 0.0 and 0.0, 35.7, 65.7, 68.0,
44.2, 29.1, 0.0%. The results show that Í. includens has a shorter
biological cycle than Í. bisignatus, whereas the latter species has
lower temperature thresholds.
===============================================================
STATHAS
G.J. Ecological data of Lepidosaphes
gloverii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 15 (2003-2004): 19-26.
Technological
Educational Institute of Kalamata, School of Agricultural Technology Department
of Crop Production, Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology 24100 - ANTIKALAMOS,
GREECE, e-mail: gstathas@teikal.gr
In June 2001 the scale Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) was found on orange trees in Peloponnesus, Gastouni area, (Southwestern Greece). From the day it was first recorded until August 2003 observations on orange trees were held both in field and laboratory, concerning the biology and ecology of this scale. L. gloíerii infests mainly the upper surface of the leaves and the fruits and less the shoots of the tree. During the period April to August 2002 the scale completed 3 overlapping generations. Female fecundity ranged between 32 and 57 eggs. Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predators were found to feed upon this scale. In Ju1y 2002 a mass release of those predators took place on infested orange trees. To assess the action of these predators, observations were conducted in both field (by shaking the branches of the trees and counting the number of the predators) and laboratory (by counting the predated scales found on leaves). The release of predators contributed to the decrease of infestation density of trees. C. bipustulatus developed significantly higher populations than R. lophanthae.
===============================================================
GOUNARI S. Seasonal development and ovipositing behavior of
Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae).
Entomologia
Hellenica 15
(2003-2004): 27-38.
Laboratory of Honeybee
Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Research, NAGREF 25 Neapoleos,
15341, Athens, Greece e-mail: sgounarj@nagref.gr
Marchalina hellenica, Gennadius (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)
is the main honeydew producing insect of pine trees ßç Greece. Its
behavior during oviposition, the reproductive capacity, oviposition period,
pre-hatching period, and life span of the ïviposited female and other
aspects of its reproductive behavior in the field and in the laboratory,
have been recorded in a three-year research. Ì. hellenica
completes one generation per year. It is mainly parthenogenetic. The adult
female appears on the trees, looking for an oviposition site from late
March to late April. Its oviposition period in the field lasts about 20 days,
while the hatching period lasts about 30 days. Live females can be found on the
trees until the end of May, so there is a coexistence of three
stages of Ì. hellenica, adult, eggs and 151 stage nymphs, in the
field for about one month. Ì. hellenica is
able to oviposit in the laboratory in room conditions. Its ovipositing period
is as long as 16 days, while the total number of eggs laid
is on average 262. Body weight was significantly correlated with the total
number of eggs laid.
===============================================================
LIAROPOULOS K., ZERVAS G.,
MAVRAGANIS V., BROUMAS T., TSIROPOULOS G. and TSIROGIANNIS V. Comparative field studies of various traps and
attractants for the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera:
Tephritidae) in fall.
Entomologia
Hellenica 15
(2003-2004): 39-52.
N.AG.RE.F., Lykovrisi,
Athens, Greece, N.R.C. 'Demokritos', Ag. Paraskevi, Athens,
Greece, Benaki Phytopathologicallnstitute, Kifºssia, Athens, Greece
To clarify questions regarding the
effectiveness of the many different types of traps and semiochemicals used for
the monitoring and the control of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis
capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Ôephrititae), seven trap types, four food attractants,
one sex attractant and a combination of food and sex attractant, were evaluated
under field conditions in orange orchards in fall. No major differences were
observed between trap designs resembling the original McPhail glass trap. The
plastic bottle trap of 1,5L volume, with four side openings for one-way fly
entrance, proved very efficient when filled with a proteinaceous food
attractant Æ1. From the attractants, two of them, Æ1 and
Entomela showed the best performance. The combination of food and a sex
attractant showed no significant synergistic effects on trap efficiency. The
findings allow a better choice among trap types and attractants, available
today in the market, for Medfly monitoring and control.
===============================================================
STAVRIDIS D.G., IPSILANTIS C.G.,
KATARACHIAS P.C., MILONAS P.G., IFOULIS A.A. and SAVOPOULOU-SOULTANI M. Determination of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) larval instars and age based on head capsule width and larval
weight.
Entomologia
Hellenica 15
(2003-2004): 53-61.
Aristotle University
of Thessáloniki, Fáculty ïf Agriculture, Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Párásitology, 54124 Thessáloniki, Greece E-mail: mátildá@ágro.áuth.gr
Laríae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were reared in laboratory conditions (26°C, 16:8 L:D) and measurements of larval head capsule width, and body
weight, were used in order to determine the boundaries of larval instars.
Larvae of Ç. armigera completed development in 5 to 7 instars. Head
capsule width could predict the larval instar only for Ll. The upper boundary
of head width for L1 was 0.4mm. Body weight could predict both L1 and L2 larval
instars. Boundaries between L1-L2 instars were found to be 1 mg and for L2-L3 5,5 mg. Correlation and regression analysis suggest that a
combination of head capsule width and body weight can predict both larval
instars and chronological age under constant conditions in the laboratory.
===============================================================
KONTODIMAS, D.C. and KAVALLIERATOS, N.G. First phenological data of the rose pest Homalorhynchites
hungaricus (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae) in Greece.
Entomologia
Hellenica 15
(2003-2004): 62-63.
Benáki
Phytopathological Institute, 8 St.Delta, 14561 Kßfissia, Atticá, Greece,
email: dckontodimas@hotmaßl.com
The rose curculio Homalorhynchites
hungaricus (Herbst, 1783) (=Rhynchites hungaricus, =Mechoris ungaricus,
=Mecorhis ungaricus) (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae) has been recorded in Greece
(Attica, May 2004) infesting blooms of ornamental roses [Rosa sp.
(Rosaceae)]. This pest has also been recorded in Bulgaria and in Turkey causing
serious damages on oil-bearing roses (Rosa damascena Mil1. var. kazanlika
and Rosa damascena Mill. var. tringipetala respectively). In
Turkey the subspecies Ç. hungaricus (Herbst) subsp. marginicollis Schilskly
seems to be more important. Homalorhynchites hungaricus completes one
generation per year in Attica, The first adults of the beetle appear late April
and infest the rose blooms feeding on them. The flight of Ç. hungaricus adults
lasts until the end of June. The female beetles bear often more than one hole
in the young blooms and lay one egg in each hole. The development of the larvae
takes place inside the calyx and lasts 30 - 42 days. The pupation of Ç.
hungaricus takes place in the ground, where the insect overwinters. The adults
appear from late April to early May of the next year.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 14 (2001-2002)
===============================================================
Í. Å.
RODITAKIS, D. KOLLAROS and Á. LEGAKIS. Entomopathogens of Anácridium áegyptium L. in
Crete.
Entomologia Hellenica 14 (2001-2002): 5-10.
NAGREF-Plant Protection Inst. Heraction
Crete, 71003 Katsabas, Heraclion, and Depart.of Biology, Univ. of Crete
The entomopathogenic
fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. was recorded for the first time on Anacridium aegyptium L.
in Crete. The insects were fed on pieces of leaf subjected to a serial
dilution of spores over three to four orders of magnitute. Comparative studies
on the virulence of B. bassiana (I 91612 local isolate) and Metarhizium
anisopliae var. acridum (IMI 330189 standard isolate of IIBC) showed
that M. anisopliae var. acridum was more virulent than B. bassiana at
a conidial concentration lower or equal to 106 per ml while they
were similarly virulent on first stage nymphs at 107 conidia per ml.
===============================================================
Ñ.
Í. DELIGEORGIDIS. Records of
Thysanoptera Species in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 14 (2001-2002): 11-18.
Technological Education Institute of West
Macedonia / Branch of Florina
Department of Crop Production, Terma Kontopoulou Florina, 53100 Greece
Aiming to the registration of
Thysanoptera species, thrips collections had taken place from field, greenhouse
crops and weeds in 16 regions of Greece during 1991 and 1994. In total, 26
Thysanoptera species were found in 34 different crops and weeds, belonging to
the families Aeolothripidae, Thripidae and Phlaeothripidae. Among the species
collected, Tenothrips frici is recorded for first time in Greece.
===============================================================
C. G. ATHANASSIOU and C. Th. BUCHELOS. Prediction of Infestation by Beet1es in
Stored Wheat Using Two Sampling Methods.
Entomologia Hellenica 14 (2001-2002): 19-31.
Agricultural Univ. of Athens, Faculty of
Plant Science and Production,
Lab., of Agr Zoology and Entomology, 75 lera Odos, 11855 Athens,
Greece
Studies were conducted in order to
assess the use of binomial sampling for prediction of infestation level in
stored wheat. In each of three steel silos with 1500 metric tones of wheat
each, located in central Greece, 14 probe traps were placed on 15 June 1997.
The traps were checked for adult coleoptera. every 15
days, from 30 June until 30 January 1998. On the same dates, 14 wheat samples
were taken adjacent to the trap locations, using a grain trier. Most abundant
species were found to be Cryptolestesferrugineus and Tribolium
castaneum in the traps, while Sitophilus oryzae in the samples.
Regarding all species detected, traps were proved to be more effective as
compared to the samples. Taylor’s Power Law was used, in order to estimate
y-intercept and slope values for each species, The
comparison of these parameters indicated that a single (weighted) equation can
describe equally well the relation between the mean and the variance, according
to Taylor's Power Law, for all adults found, regardless of species. The
parameters of this relation were utilized to connect the ratio of sampling
units containing one or more adults and the mean number of adults per sampl i
ng unit (x), using Wilson and Room’s model. Regarding trap catches, the same
model can he used to predict an infestation, with a sufficient precision level,
mainly when K<5; on the contrary, the results were not satisfactory in the
case of adult numbers in the samples.
===============================================================
D. Ch. PERDIKIS and D. Ñ. LYKOURESSIS. Description of the Egg and Nymphal Instars of
Mácrolophus pygmáeus Rambur (Hemiptera: Miridae).
Entomologia Hellenica 14 (2001-2002): 32-40.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,
Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera odos, 11855, Athens, Greece
The egg and the nymphal instars of
the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur (Hemiptera: Miridae) are
described and illustrated. The changes of the egg as observed from outside the
plant tissue during incubation and the eclosion process are also described. A
key for the separation of the nymphal instars is given based on the relative
length of the third and fourth antennal segments and the relative length of wing
pads. Changes in the colour of the adult, from its emergence until it has
obtained its final colour are also described.
===============================================================
V. Á. KOUFOS and D. Ch. PERDIKIS. Leaf Preference of Heliothrips háemorrhoidális (Thysonoptera:
Thripidae) on Véburnum tinus.
Entomologia Hellenica 14 (2001-2002): 41-46.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,
Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera odos, 11855, Athens, Greece
The leaf preference of larvae,
pupae and adults of Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Buche) (Thysanoptera:
Thripidae), a serious pest of several ornamental plants, were studied on Viburnum
tinus. Leaves were sampled for thrips from the base, middle and distal end
of viburnum twigs at weekly intervals from April 11 to September 15, 2000. The
population of this thrips was observed at high levels of between 10 to 76
thrips per leaf, till the middle of June when it sharply declined to zero,
probably due to high temperatures. Higher populations developed on the basal
than on the middle leaves. The lowest populations were recorded on the distal
leaves. The predator Orius vicinus (Ribaut) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
was recorded in low numbers and therefore its effect on thrips populations was
considered negligible.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 13 (1999-2000)
===============================================================
Í. G.
ÊAVALLIERATOS and D. Ñ. LYKOURESSIS. Two New
Species of Práon Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 13 (1999-2000): 5-12.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,
Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera odos, 11855, Athens, Greece
Two new species of Praon Haliday: P.
staryi spec. nov. and
P. athenaeum spec. nov., are described. P. staryi was
collected and reared from Myzus nicotianae Blackman on Nicotiana
tabacum L. and P. athenaeum from Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.)
on Sonchus oleraceus L.
===============================================================
Ñ.
ÊARANIS, C. FRANK, Ç. SCHMALLE, Ô. J. NAUCÊE, U. JORDEN, C. METALLINOU, S.
HARALABIDIS, W. Á. MAIER, Ç. Ì. SEITZ and C. HIMONAS. Sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) distributiïn in Northern Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 13 (1999-2000): 13-16.
Institut fur Medizinische Parasitologie,
Univ. Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany,
HelixorHeilmittel GmbH. P.O. Box 8, D-72344 Rosenfeld,
Laboratory for Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Faculty,
Aristotelian University,, Thessaloniki, Greece
This study is a part of
investigations on leishmaniasis vectors which began in 1992. Sandflies were
collected in different areas of Kassandra, Sithonia and Athos and in several
biotopes of the Xanthi district in Thrace. A total of 811 sandflies were caught
using oil-traps in peridomestic sites in the town of Neos Marmaras in 1992, and
4264 specimens were collected by CDC miniature light traps in different parts
of Chalkidiki in 1993. Similarly 3465 specimens were collected in Xanthi in
1996. Eight species of sandflies were identified: Phlebotomus (Larroussius)
neglectus Tonnoir 1921, P. (L.) tobbi Adler et al. 1930, P.
(L.) perfiliewi Parrot 1930, P. (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot
1917, P. (Adlerius) simici Nitzulescu & Nitzulescu 1931, P.
(Phlebotomus) papatasi Scopoli 1786, Sergentontomyia minuta Rondani
1843 and S. dentata Sinton 1933. The roles played in
the transmission of leishmaniasis by different species of sandflies is
discussed.
===============================================================
Á.
G. MANOUÊAS. The effect of C6- to CIO- fatty
acids ïn larval growth and survival of the olive fruit fly Báctrocerá oleáe (Diptera:
Tephritidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 13 (1999-2000): 17-21.
Institute of Biology, NCSR “Detnokritos”
Athens 15310 Greece
The effects of caproic (C6), amino
caproic (C6), caprylic (C8) and cupric (CIO) acid on larval performance of the
olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were
investigated. The acids were added to an artificial larval diet at four
different concentration levels, during the mixing of its ingredients. Eggs
obtained from a colony of olive fruit flies were placed on these diets and on
the control. caproic acid depressed significantly egg
hatchability, larval survival and larval weight at the dietary level of 0.05
and 0.1 %. In addition, it did not permit eggs to hatch at the level of 0.2%.
On the contrary, aminocaproic acid did not depress any of the parameters
recorded up to the level of 0.2%. The levels of 0.4 to 1.6% depressed larval
survival larval growth and pupal weight and the level of 3.2% did not permit
larvae to survive. caprylic acid depressed significantly
hatchability, larval survival and number of pupae/g diet at the level of
0.0125% and gave no pupae at the level of 0.1%. Finally cupric acid
depressed egg hatchability, larval survival and larval weight from the level of
0.05% and gave no pupae at the level of 0.2%, Adult
emergence was not affected by any of the acids tested.
===============================================================
Á.
G. MANOUÊAS. The effect of amino acid
analogues on larval growth and survival of the olive fruit fly Báctrocerá
oleáe (Diptera: Tephritidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 13 (1999-2000): 23-29.
Institute of Biology; NCSR “Demokritos”,
Athens 15310 Greece
The effects of eight amino acid
analogues [L-canavanine, D-cycloserine, allylglycine, L-glutamic
acid-A-hydrazide, DL-ethionine, L-,-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA),
DL-,-3,4 dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (DL-DOPA) and thiaproline] added to an
artificial diet on egg hatching, larval survival, larval weight, pupal weight
and adult emergence of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)
(Diptera: Tephritidae) were investigated. Larval survival and weight were
significantly decreased by all amino acid analogues tested. Pupal weight and
adult emergence was depressed by L-canavanine, D-cycloserine, L-DOPA, DL-DOPA
and allyl-glycine. Of all amino acid analogues tested only L-canavanine
inhibited hatching of the eggs. The depression of the parameters affected was
increased by increasing the concentration of each analogue tested. The larvae
of most experimental diets took longer to pupate than those of the control.
===============================================================
C. ÑÅRÅÆ-ÂÁͼÍ, Ì.-Á. ÌÁRCÏS-GÁRCIÁ and Ô. ÑÅÔÁÍIDOU. Eupeodes luniger (Diptera, Syrphidae) a new record to Greece and a key for the genus Eupeodes
in this country.
Entomologia Hellenica 13 (1999-2000): 31-34.
Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural
Resources, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Faonos & H. Trikoupi,
GR-81100 Mytilene, Greece
Eupeodes luniger (Meigen, 1822) (Diptera,
Syrphidae), an aphidophagous hoverfly species that acts also as pollinator, was
recorded for the first time in Greece. Based on the Greek records, we provide
the first identification key for the genus Eupeodes Osten Sacken, 1877
in Greece.
===============================================================
D. Ñ. LYKOURESSIS, D. CH. PERDIKIS and CH. Á. CHALÊIA. The Effects of Íatural Enemies on
Aphid Populations on Processing Tomato in Central Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 13 (1999-2000): 35-42.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,
Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
Two species of aphids, Macrosiphion
euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae cae (Sulzer) (Homoptera:
Aphididae) were the only ones which developed populations on processing tomato
in a two year study conducted in central Greece. The aphid population structure
showed that M. euphorbiae was much more abundant than M. persicae in
both years. The former species peaked in August whilst the latter did not show
any particular peak over the two successive years. Some species of natural
enemies were recorded. Orius niger Wolff was
found in low numbers scattered over a long period but mainly towards the end of
the growing season, and it did not correlate with the aphid population. The
rate of parasitism of M. euphorbiae by Aphelinus abdominalis Dalman
and Praon volucre (Haliday) was very low and it seemed that these two parasitoid
species did not have any particular effect on the aphid population suppression.
Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur was the key natural enemy and the most
abundant and effective among the predators found. Its highest numbers occurred
towards the end of the growing season following the aphid population peak,
suggesting a numerical response of this species to its prey. A proportion of
the population of M. pygmaeus occurring on tomato plants after fruit
harvesting, might he collected and subsequently released in crops such as
tomato, pepper and eggplant to biologically control pests in greenhouses, like
aphids and whiteflies, thus contributing to the production of healthy vegetable
products.
===============================================================
C. G. HARALAMBIDIS and Ì. Å. TZANAÊAKIS. Time of Diapause Termination in the Pistachio Seed
Wasp Eurytomá plotnikovi (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) ßç Northem Greece
and Under Certain Photoperiods and Temperatures.
Entomologia Hellenica 13 (1999-2000): 43-50.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki,
Greece
Mummified pistachios containing
fully grown diapause larvae of Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol'skaya were
collected from mid-November on from trees in coastal northern Greece and placed
in a field cage. Every 5 weeks, fruits from the cage and from the trees were
placed at 16L:8D h and 26°C. Pupation within I or 2
weeks showed that diapause was terminated between early April and early May.
Two years later, strarting in early September, mummified fruits from the same
trees were collected at bimonthly intervals and subjected fora few to several
months to combinations of certain temperatures and photoperiods, followed by
different conbinations of temperatures and photoperiods, then to 16L:8D h and 25°C. In larvae of early September, 6 months at
6°C was the most effective treatment for diapause termination. Diapause was
also terminated or almost so after: (1) 4 months at 25°C and long photophase
followed by 5 months at 14° or 6°C, (2) 4 months at 20°C and a 12 h photophase
followed by 3 months at 14° or 6°C, (3) 4 months at WC and short photophase
followed by 3 months at 6°C, and (4) 4 or 6 months at WC and short photophase.
The results are in line with previous work, showing that, in larvae picked in
early autumn, low temperatures and short days fora few
to several months followed by high temperatures and a long day favor an early and
synchronous termination of diapause. The time of diapause termination being in
mid-spring, long days seem to be a reasonable signal for diapause termination,
as shown by previous work. In larvae of early January, for a synchronous
diapause termination four months at 20°C and a 12 h photophase followed by 3
months at WC and an 8 h photophase was the most effective treatment, without
the need for a long-day final condition.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 12 (1994-1998)
===============================================================
D. S. KOVEOS and Á. VEERMAN.
Geographic Variation of Diapause Induction and Termination in the Spider Mite Tetránychus
urticáe: Á mini-review.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998):
5-12.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 540 06,
Greece,
Institute of Systematics and Population Biology, Section Population Biology,
University of Amsterdam,
Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
In eight strains of the spider mite
Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), originating from different
localities in Europe, the critical daylength for diapause induction and
termination was almost the same in each strain but varied with the latitudinal
origin of the strains; critical daylength was shorter in strains originating
from lower latitudes and longer in those from higher latitudes. Diapause
intensity, measured as the period of chilling required for diapause termination
under a short day photoperiod (LD 10:14) and 19°C, again varied with the
latitudinal origin of each strain, being higher the more northern the origin of
the strain. An exception were two mountain strains
which showed a longer critical daylength and a deeper diapause than expected on
the basis of their latitudinal origin. The number of long-day (LD 17:7) cycles
required for 50% diapause termination after a certain period of chilling was
higher in the northern and lower in the southern strains. These results
indicate that geographic strains of T urticae may differ considerably in
their diapause attributes, which may be explained as an adaptation to local
climatic conditions. The great plasticity of the diapause response may, among
other factors, have been responsible for the wide distribution of this mite
species.
===============================================================
Ì.
Á. JACH and Í. D. ÁVTZIS. Check list of the
Dryopidae, Elmidae and Hydraenidae (Coleoptera) of Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998): 13-17.
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Zweite
Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1014 Wien, Postfach 417, Osterreich
Technological Educational Institute of Kavala, Department of Forestry in Drama.
Proastio, 66100 Drama, Greece
Information on the Greek water beetle
families Dryopidae, Elmidae and Hydracnidae is fairly scattered throughout the
literature. Our knowledge of these families which inhabit mainly running water
largely results from numerous short excursions, collecting trips and
limnological projects carried out by numerous European entomologists (e.g. P.
Audisio, G. Ferro, M.A. Bch, E. Janssens, H. Malicky, A. d’Orchymont, F.
Wachtel). However, a concise summary of the Dryopidae, Elmidae and Hydraenidae
known from Greece has never been published. This survey is mainly based on
literature records. However, a number of species which were recently collected
in Greece are recorded for the first time from that country. In the following
check list, the names of the species (or subspecies) are followed by the name(s)
of the authors) and by one important reference which contains information about
the species distribution in Greece. Ten species are herein recorded from Greece
for the first time.
===============================================================
SAFEL DAWLA ABDALLA and S. MICHELAKIS. The Use of Chemicals with Specific Mode of Action in
an Integrated Control Program on Eggplant for the Greenhouse Whitefly, Triáleurodes
váporáriorum.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998): 19-22.
Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of
Chania, P.O. Box 85 GR- 73100, Chania, Crete, Greece,
Agricultural Recearch Center of Crete & Islands, Chania, Crete, Greece
In the unheated plastic greenhouses
of Crete, the control of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood
using chemicals is usually needed during winter time. The systemic insecticide
Vydate when applied as soil granules at the highest dose (2g/plant),
gave protection for young eggplants against whitefly for a period of 5 weeks.
Experiment with different chemicals showed that the new insect growth regulator
Nomolt, is fairly effective in controlling the
greenhouse whitefly when used in combination with Actellic. It gave equally
good results when compared with a mixture of Applaud and Actellic.
===============================================================
Å.Ô. ÊAPATOS, Å.Ô. STRATOPOULOU, J.A. TSITSIPIS, D.P. LYCOURESIS and Ì.Ñ. ALEXANDRI. The Spatial Pattern of Aphis
gossypii ïn Cotton.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998):
23-30.
National Agricultural Research Foundation,
Plant Protection Institute, PO. Box 303, 380 01 Volos, Greece
University of Thessalia Pedion Areos, GR 383 34, Volos, Greece
Agricultural University of Athens, Iera odor 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
The spatial distribution of Aphis
gossypii (Glover) on cotton was studied by using Taylor's power law, the
negative binomial parameter k and the iä-index of aggregation.
Both k and iä were related to density
with curvilinear relationships and indicated that aggregation decreases as
density increases up to densities of, approximately, two individuals per leaf.
At the very high densities (more than three individuals per leaf) the
calculated values of the two indices recognized a tendency for an increased
aggregation again. A strong linear relationship between the log mean and the
log variance of the population density was obtained confirming the wide
applicability of Taylor’s power law. However, the established relationship
(b=1.433) assumes, for the range of the observed densities, a continuous
decrease in the degree of aggregation as density increases. It is suggested
that the changes in the degree of aggregation throughout the season and in
relation to density are related to natural mortality.
===============================================================
D.
RAPTOPOULOS, Á. KOUTSAFTIKIS, G. HANIOTAKIS, and Å. DOUMA. Elecroantennogram Responses of the Cherry
Fruit Fly Rhágoletis cerási (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Naturally
Occurring Volatiles.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998):
31-36.
Biology Department, N.R.C. “Demokritos”
Aghia Paraskevi Aniki, Greece
University of Patras, Department of Biology, Patras, Greece
EAG responses of the cherry fruit
fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Linne) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were recorded in
response to seventy-eight generally occurring plant volatiles and male cherry
fruit fly volatiles. The test compounds are representatives of three major
classes of organic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, and monoterpenes. No
differences were observed in the degree of response between males and females, Carbon-chain length, unsaturation, and position of
functional groups all have significant effect on the magnitude of EAG response.
===============================================================
D. Á. PROPHETOU-ATHANASIADOU and Ì.Å. TZANAKAKIS. The
Reproductive System and Ovarian Development of the Adu1t Olive Psylla Euphyllurá
phillyreáe Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae).
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998): 37-45.
Lab. of Applied Zoology and Parasitology,
Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki,
54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
The gross morphology of the reproductive system of
adult females and males of the olive psylla Euphyllurá phillyreáe Foerster (Homoptera:
Aphalaridae) is given. Five stages of ovarian development are distinguished and
described, based on the size and shape of the ovaries and ovarioles, on the separation
of the vitellarium from the germarium, and on the appearance and shape of
oocytes.
===============================================================
ANDREAS THRASYVOULOU and BASILIS TSIRAKOGLOU. Observations of Pháceliá
tánácetifoliá as a Food Plant for Honey Bees and other insects.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998): 47-53.
Laboratory ofApiculture-Sericulture,
Laboratory of Pomology, School of Geotechnical Sciences, Aristotelian
University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Greece
Three consecutive sowings of Phacelia
tanacetifolia Bentham (Hydrophyllaceae) were examined for plant growth and
attractiveness to bees and other insect-visitors over a three years’ study.
Plants that were sown in March flowered uniformly for periods of 24 to 40 days,
while those sown in June and July had a non-uniform anthesis that was
impossible to estimate. Plants sown in early August, remained vegetative
throughout winter and flowered the following spring. Maximum visits of honey
bees were observed between 10:00 h and 17:00 h. Most honey
bees (>70%) collected nectar. Seasonal differences in the ratio
nectar/pollen gatherers were noted. Two species of bumble bee (B. terrestris
and B. lucorum) and 9 species of solitary bee visited Phacelia.
===============================================================
S.
RAGUSA and Ç. TSOLAKIS. Phytoseiid
Mites (Parasitiformes,
Phytoseiidae) of Lesvos Island (Greece) with a Description of a New Species.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998):
55-64.
Istituto di Entomologia Agraria,
Universita di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90 128 Palermo - Italy
A survey of phytoseiid mites
associated with crops and wild plants on Lesvos Island was conducted. Of twenty
three species collected the most abundant were the following: Phytoseius
finitimus Ribaga sensu Denmark (30%), Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans)
and Typhlodromus psyllakisi Swirski and Ragusa (26%), Typhlodromus
athenas Swirski and Ragusa (19%), Typhlodromus cryptus Athias-Henriot,
and Typhlodromus intercalaris Livshitz and Kuznetsov (15%). A new
species, Typhlodromus sapphicus sp. n., collected on Tilia sp. is
also described.
===============================================================
Á.É. SAHINOGLOU , A.G. KOUTROUBAS, Á.Á. ÑÅÊÁ and Ê.Á. GIATROPOULOS. The
Phenology of Synánthedon myopáeformis Borkhausen (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)
in the Region of Larissa, Central Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998): 65-70.
2 National Agricultural Research Foundation, Plant
Protection Institute
P.O. Box 303, 38001 Volos, Greece, Direction of Agriculture, Plant Protection
Dep. of Larissa 41110 Larissa, Greece
The phenology of Synanthedon
myopaeformis Borkhausen. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) was studied in the region of
Larissa, Central Greece, for three consecutive years (1993-1995). S.
myopaeformis most propably completes one generation per year on apple
trees. It overwinters as lavra of different sizes in the feeding tunnels in the
trunk and branches. Pupation takes place from the end of March to the beginning
of September with a peak in late May - beginning June. The emergence of adults
takes place from late April to the beginning of October with the main peak in
mid June. The larvae of the new generation start to appear from the beginning
of May with a maximum in late June–beginning of July. Most of the
infestation is observed in the grafting points and the pruning wounds. The
results indicate that the pest becomes increasingly important in the study
area. This study could be useful in determining the optimum timing of
control measures.
===============================================================
G.E.
HANIOTAÊIS, ÔÇ. BROUMAS and C. LIAROPOULOS. Comparative Field Studies of Various Traps and
Attractants for the Olive Fruit fly, Báctrocerá oleáe.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998):
71-79.
N.R.C. “Demokritos”, Institute of Biology,
P.O. Box 60228, 15310 Athens, Greece
Benaki Phytopathol. Institute, 14561 Kifissia, Athens,
Greece, National Agricult. Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
In the framework of an ongoing
effort for development of an effective trap for the control of the olive fruit
fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera, Tephrifidae), by mass trapping,
four trap types (wood, cloth, laminate, McPhail), seven different colors of
laminate traps, different food attractants, attractant combinations or
formulations (total of ten cases), and two insecticides (deltamethrin,
b-cyfluthrin) used as killing agents on the traps, were compared under field
conditions. The following conclusions may be drawn: Laminate traps (paper
envelopes with a polyethylene lining inside, 15x20 cm in size, containing 70 g
of ammonium bicarbonate salt and impregnated with 15 mg (a.i.) of an
insecticide), were more effective than wood traps. Effectiveness of laminate traps
can be enhanced by using an attracting color or in the case of the food
attractant ammonium bicarbonate, by incorporating copper oxychloride.
Combinations of two protein hydrolysates were more effective than one
hydrolysate alone. Effectiveness of protein hydrolysates is not constantly
higher than that of ammonium bicarbonate, the use of which is more economic and
convenient. The insecticide b-cyfluthrin may be used on traps instead of
deltamethrin, which is known to have a repellent effect on the olive fly,
especially Linder high concentrations, and is unstable under natural UV light.
===============================================================
Í.
Å. RODITAÊIS. First Record of the South
American Leafminer Liriomyzá huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera:
Agromyzidae) in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 12 (1994-1998): 81-83.
Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, 71 110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
In mid autumn 1992 the South
American leaf-miner Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) was firstly
recorded on greenhouse cucumbers, melons, beans and outdoor beans, broad beans
and lettuce in the following locations of Crete: 1) Mires, Tymbaki, Antiskari
at Messara valley of Southern Crete 2) Filissia in the midland and 3) Platanias
and Kokini Chani in Northern Crete. The following year L. huidobrensis had
spread all over Crete (Ierapetra, Stomion, Koutsoura, Chania etc.) while melon
and potato leaves which were sent to our laboratory from mainland Greece,
Pirgos (Peloponissos) and Chalkida (Evia island), were found heavily damaged by
the same leafmincr. The different types of mines (it usually mines the leaf
alongside the veins), the colour of pupae (blackish) and the sudden attack of
some plants (lettuce, broad beans, onions) which have never been damaged by the
known local leafminers as yet, indicated that it was a newly introduced
species. The new leafminer alerted the growers due to the high crop losses on
outdoor and greenhouse vegetables (lettuce, broad beans, beans etc) despite the
frequent application of registered insecticides. In the following year an
extensive survey started to investigate its distribution and host plant in the
greenhouses and outdoor vegetables and ornamentals in Crete. L.
huidobrensis, a quarantine insect, is a polyphagous leafminer distributed
in most biogeographical regions. It is native in South American countries from
which it was spread soon in North America, Asia and Europe. In Europe it was
first noticed in Holland, England and France in 1989 causing considerable
damage to vegetables and ornamentals. It mines the spongy mesophyll reducing
the photosynthesis more than the other leafminers. This type of mines is not
easily visible, unless the leaf is observed through transmitted sunlight or
artificial light. This method was applied to ensure accurate detection of
larvae and their parasitoids under a stereoscope. In our observations we found
mines in leaves and cucumber fruits as well. Studies of its life cycle on
greenhouse beans and melons revealed that most pupae (98%) remain on the bean
leaves outside a hole in the autumn, while a few fall on the ground. The number
of pupae collected from ten leaves per 24h was: 5.7±1.6 on lettuce, 17.07±4.1
on beans, 24.2±7.3 on melon, 6.0±2 on broad bean
leaves. During the survey the following host plants were recorded: Chemical
control could be effective by applying certain insecticides (abamectin,
triazophos, imidacloprid, heptenophos etc.) while biological control seems to
be rather effective by the known parasitoids, which are already used against
the tomato leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae Kalt. Biological control of L.
huidobrensis was effective on lettuce by means of repeated releases of Dacnusa
sibirica Telenga and Diglyphus isaea (Walker) but so far native
parasitoids proved to be able to control the pest. Mass trapping with coloured
sticky traps seems to be also a potential method in IPM programmes. The
mortality of pupae collected from heavily treated greenhouse plants with
insecticides varied from 65 to 74% while that of untreated plants was between
18-25%. No pupal parasitoids were recorded but D. isaea and D.
sibirica were both recorded as larval parasitoids. D. isaea was
abundant all over the year while D. sibirica only in spring-summer
period. These two parasitoids were able, in certain cases, to control
sufficiently the leaf miner in untreated greenhouse cucumber and bean plants.
The neem seed extract (Azadirachta indica) applied on outdoor tomatoes
in Antiskari (Southern Crete) proved harmless both on hymenoptera and on the
mirid predator Macrolophus caliginogus Wagner. Despite its weak
larvicide action on L. huidobrensis it was very effective in conjuction
with parasitoids consisting of a promising candidate in IPM programmes.
===============================================================
M.V. MACROPODI and G. VIGGIANI. First Record of Cheiloneurus cláviger (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
on Corfu Island.
Entomologia
Hellenica
12 (1994-1998): 85-86.
Olive Institute of Corfu, 49100, Corfu
Greece
Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Universita di Napoli Federico
11, 800 55 Portici (Na), Italy
During an ongoing research
programme on Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) (Homoptera: Coccidae) and its
parasites on the island of Corfu, the presence of the hyperparasite Cheiloneurus
cláviger (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
was recorded, for the first time, in samples of parasitized Saissetia oleae in
1991. The identification of C. clagiver was made by the junior author.
The adults of Cheiloneurus cláviger emerged from S. oleae
females parasitized by Metaphycus lounsburyi (How.) (Hymenoptera: Encytridae), after they were placed in plastic
capsules. Tables 1 and 2 give the number of adults of S. oleae, C.
claviger and M. lounsburyi that emerged from S. oleae at two
experimental fields. M. lounsburyi is one of the main parasitoids of S.
oleae acting as an internal parasite of the fourth larval instar. The
numbers of C. claviger emerged were very low compared with the numbers
of M. lounsburyi, indicating that at present C. claviger is not a
serious limiting factor for the population of M. lounsburyi. The
presence of a group of coarse bristles at the apex of the scutellum and the
long marginal vein of fore wings are the peculiarities of the genus Cheiloneurus.
The incomplete infuscation of the fore wings and the colour of the antennae
with only the 5th funicular segment blackish can easily allow the
discrimination of C. claviger females from those of congeneric
species. Cheiloneurus cláviger is reported as a
hyperparasitoid of several coccids of economic impor tance mainly via other
encyrtid parasitoids. In Italy, C. claviger has been found to act as a
hyperparasite of Kermesidi (genus Kermes) which infest Pinoideae.
Previous reports on the entomophagous fauna of S. oleae on Corfu do not
include C. claviger and it is assumed that the hyperparasitoid has been
introduced rather recently. The actual role oil the parasitic complex of S.
oleae and the distribution of this hyperparasite on the island should be
further investigated.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 11 (1993)
===============================================================
D.A. PROPHETOU-ATHANASIADOU and Ì.Å. TZANAÊAÊIS. Sites and Time of Oviposition of Euphyllura phillyreae
Foerster on Olive Trees and ïon Phillyrea latifolia.
Entomologia Hellenica 11 (1993): 3-10.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Thessaloniki, 540 06,
Greece
The distribution of eggs of Euphyllura
phillyreae Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae) was recorded on twigs of olive
trees and of Phillyrea latifolia L. in various locations of the
Thessaloniki and Halkidiki prefectures of coastal northern Greece. On olive,
the first eggs were observed in the last ten days of March and oviposition was
intensified and became abundant only when the apical bud and the axillary leaf
and flower buds started to swell. Eggs were laid mostly on swollen buds and on
developing inflorescences. Oviposition preference was related to the stage of
development of a bud and not to its location on the olive twig. On swollen leaf
buds, most eggs were laid on the inner (upper) surface of the middle (second)
pair of developing leaves, and fewer on the inner surface of the outer (first)
pair and on the innermost (third) pair of leaves. On Phillyrea, eggs
were deposited much earlier than on olive, on developing inflorescences. In
choice and no-choice laboratory experiments, more eggs were laid on olive twigs
bearing developing inflorescences, fewer eggs on twigs bearing only swollen
terminal or axillary buds, and no eggs at all on twigs with only fully
developed leaves of the previous year.
===============================================================
K. ÕÅÍÊÁÔÁ RAMI REDDY, Ê. SASHINDRAN NAIR, S. Â. MAGADUM and R. Ê.
DATTA. Effect of SSP - 11 on Weight and
Tissue Composition of 4th Instar Larvae of Silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Entomologia Hellenica 11 (1993): 11-16.
Silkworm Physiology
Laboratory, Central Sericultural Research, and Training Institute, Srirarnpura,
Mysore-8.
The anti-juvenoid, SSP-11 ((E)
4-chloro-a, a, a-trifluro-N [ 1 (1 H-imidazole- 1
–y1)- 2-propoxy ethylyledene] O, toludine) was used to induce trimoulters from
tetramoulter larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (race NB7). The
compound was fed for two days through an artificial diet at the concentration
of 200 ppm to newly ecdysed 4th stadium larvae. Body and silkgland fresh weight
were recorded daily in the 4th larval stadium and protein profiles of
haemolymph, fat body and silkgland were determined at the end of the stadium.
In larvae treated with SSP-11, feeding period in stadium 4 was prolonged by 3-4
days and 80-85% of the larvae started to spin as trimoulters. Eight and thirty
fold increases in the larval body and silkgland weights respectively were the
result of SSP-11. Further, total proteins, total carbohydrates, glycogen and
nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) also increased. The activity levels of alanine
aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferasc increased significantly than in
the control indicating increased mobilization of aminoacids into
transamination activities.
===============================================================
C. ÔÇ. BUCHELOS and C. G. ATHANASSIOU.
Dominance and Frequency of Coleoptera Found on
Stored Cereals and Cereal Products in Central Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 11 (1993): 17-22.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens,
Greece
Thirty Coleoptera taxa belonging to
14 families were found during samplings conducted in 4 different storage
facilities at Farsala district, Central Greece, from January 1991 to February
1992. Among the most frequently found, Sitophilus oryzae, S. granarius and
Rhysopertha dominica were more numerous on grain, Tribolium
confusum, T castaneum and Cryptolestes ferrugineus on flour, while Oryzaephilus
surinamensis and O. inercator showed no significant preference to
any commodity. An analysis of the results was performed, based on the dominance
and frequency criteria. The population fluctuation of the 8 most significant
species is given in graphs.
===============================================================
D.P. LYÊOURESSIS, V.F. EASTOP, Í. ÊATIS, J.A. TSITSIPIS and Ç.
NTJANIS. Twenty Three Aphid Species Íew
to the Greek Aphidofauna Caught in Yellow Water Traps in Tobacco Fields.
Entomologia Hellenica 11 (1993): 23-27.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens,
Greece
Aphid species abundance was studied
by means of yellow Moericke water traps in several tobacco fields in two
tobacco growing areas, Aitoloakarnania and Pieria, Greece. In 1992, from alate
catches, in three different localities in Aitoloakarnania, a total number of
69, 40 and 31 taxa were caught and identified. Five of them are new records for
the Greek aphidofauna. In 1993, from the traps established near Agrinio and in Nea Ephessos, Pieria, a total number of 55 and 139 aphid
taxa were caught and identified. Twenty one of them aphid species are new
records for Greece of which 3 had been already recorded in the previous year.
In total, 23 aphid species recorded for the first time in Greece are
presented in this work.
===============================================================
D. Ñ. LYÊOYRESSIS, D. CH. PERDIÊIS, CH.A. CHALÊIA
and S. C. VARDAÊI. Comparisons Between
Alate Aphids Caught in Õellow Water Traps and Aphid Populations on Tomato
Plants.
Entomologia Hellenica 11 (1993): 29-34.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,
Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
Aphid monitoring was conducted by
means of yellow Moericke water traps placed in tomato fields in two different
localities in Co Boiotia during the growing seasons in 1992 and 1993.
Additionally, aphid population densities were estimated by plant sampling. Macrosiphum
euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were the only
species which developed populations on plants. Regression analysis between the number
of alates from traps with either the number of alates or the total aphid
population on plants showed that there was no correlation in the case of M.
persicae for both localities and years. However, there were significant
relationships between the number of alates in traps and either the number of
alates on plants (r2=0.83) or the total aphid population on plants
(r2=0.69) for M. euphorbiae in 1992. In 1993, such
significant relationships were not found for the latter species, most probably
due to extremely low trap catches. Significant relationships were also found
between alates in traps, during their immigration period, with either alates on
plants (r2=0.93) or the total population on plants (r2=0.80)
in M. euphorbiae in 1992.
===============================================================
KYPARISSOUDAS, D.S. and Á. TSOURGIANNI. Control of Synanthedon (Aegeria) myopaeformis by
Mating Disruption Using Sex Pheromone Dispensers in Northern Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 11 (1993): 35-40.
Regional Centre of Plant Protection &
Quality Control, GR-546 26 Thessaloniki, Greece, and
Benaki Phytopathological Institute, GR-145 61 Kifissia - Athens, Greece
In 3 successive years (1990-1992)
polyethylene tube dispensers, each containing 50.5 mg synthetic sex
pheromone of the apple clearwing moth, Synanthedon (Aegeria) myopaeformis Borkh.,
were placed at a density of 680 per ha, once a year, in two adjacent commercial
apple orchards each I ha in size. The degree of confusion reached almost 100%
by releasing about 6 mg/ha/h, whereas the number of mated females decreased by
72.86%, compared with the untreated orchard. In 1993, after 3 years of experiments,
a reduction of up to 91% of empty pupal skins per tree was attained. The
encouraging results, especially when taking into account the relatively small
size of the orchards, opens opportunities for the integrated control of this
apple insect pest under the conditions of Northern Greece.
===============================================================
C. ÔÇ. BUCHELOS and C. G. ATHANASSIOU.
First Record of Alphitophagus bifasciatus (Say)
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Greece; Its
Occurrence in Cereal Product Stores.
Entomologia Hellenica 11 (1993): 41-42.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens,
Greece
The two-banded fungus beetle, Alphitophagus
bifascialus, was recorded for the first time in Greece during a survey on
beetles associated with stored cereal products, carried out during 1991 in the
region of Farsala (Central Greece). Adults of the insect were found on dumb
stored product residues inside the store rooms of the Regional State Products
Handling Cooperative Administration (K.Y.D.E.P.). The rooms, approximately 300
m each, are made of concrete, the windows remaining constantly open, yet
covered by a wire screen. The interior of the store room had low light
intensity (between 20 and 450 LUX), sufficient ventilation and ambient
conditions of min 23oC and max 32oC during summer months
and 75% R.H. The products stored therein for prolonged periods of time were
wheat, barley and maize. The identification of the adults was made in the
laboratory by the authors, based on the keys of Portevin (1934), Hinton and
Corbel (1972) and Weidner (1982). The insect was indentified as A.
bifascialus Say (1821) (Synonyms: A. quadripustulalus Stephens
(1833), A. piclus Menetries (1832), A. populi Redt. (1849) (Coleoptera, superfamily Heteromera, family Tenebrionidae,
subfamily Diaperinae). The adult is elongate-oval up to 2.5 mm long, elytra
black with two reddish bands, the anterior of which is larger than the
posterior one, either one not attaining the median suture. The larva is 6-7 mm
long, narrowly cylindrical in shape and yellowish in colour; its last abdominal
tergum is gradually tapering to a single acute blunt urogomph. A.
bifasciatus is probably of Mediterranean origin with almost cosmopolitan
distribution; preeminently mycetophagous, it is mainly found on stored cereals
showing preference for amylaceous foodstuff only when it is damp and partly
mouldy. The insect has not been previously reported in Greece. The length of
its life cycle is about one month at 25oC and 70% RH. A total of 146
adults of A. bifasciatus, most of which alive and active, were collected
during the year 1991. The numbers of A. bifasciatus observed, presented
abrupt relapses with periods of total absence periodically. In fact, 61 of them
were found between mid-January and mid - February, 60 from early May and 25 in
June; among and beyond the above mentioned periods of time no insects were
observed. This could possibly be explained by the fact that all A.
bifasciatus adults were found in damp residues and in corners, whenever
small piles of product and/ or waste material had been accumulated, the
existing insects been removed along with the piles each time the stores were
cleaned. Although A. bifasciatus is a pest of secondary economic
importance, its presence is indicative of defective hygienic conditions in
stores and commodities. Its control should be based on preventive measures
taken, with emphasis on constant cleaning of the stores and eliminating factors
favoring moisture development into the products themselves. Fumigation and
other chemical methods against main stored product pests are also effective for
A. bifasciatus.
===============================================================
D. Ñ. LYKOYRESSIS. The
Occurrence of the Polyphagous Predator Orius niger (Wolff)
(Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 11 (1993): 43-44.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens,
Greece
The genus Orius belongs to
the family Anthocoridae of Hemiptera and includes small oval species with shiny
black or dark brown colour. They are found usually on flowers and leaves of
various cultivated or other plants. They are predaceous preying usually on
thrips, aphids, whiteflies, mites and eggs of Lepidoptera. Several species such
as O. niger Wolff, O. majusculus (Reuter) and O. laevigatus
(Fieber) have been experimentally appraised and established in glasshouse
crops such as peppers, cucumbers, aubergines, ornamentals and strawberries
throughout Europe, mainly for control of western flower thrips. O.
laevigatus, an indigenous species in England can offer improved control of
western flower thrips in peppers but not on cucumbers where it has proved very
difficult to establish. In a comparative study for biological control of
western flower thrips in commercial glasshouses with sweet peppers, the
introduced native O. niger replaced the
introduced imported O. insidiosus (Say) by the crid of the growing
season. In that study, it was shown that shorter daylengths did not affect O.
niger in terms of egg laying, in contrast with O.
insidiosus. However, in another comparative study for biological control of
western flower thrips testing O. majusculus, O. laevigalus, O. niger and O. insidiosus, O. niger showed a lower
oviposition rate than the other species. O. niger is
1.2-2mm in length. Each corner in the pronotum, either anterior or posterior,
bears one seta. The length of these setae is as long as the breadth of an eye.
There are no setae in the pronotum of O. minutus L. and O. majusculus.
The male genitalia provide important and reliable distinctive characters for
identification. O. niger was found in a tomato
processing field near Thiva Co. Boiotia during
September 1992. The next year, it was also found during the summer months and September.
This is the first record of this species for Greece. The adults found on that
crop in both years were dead. Live nymphs of this species were recorded
however. O. niger is a predator of western
flower thrips, a serious pest of glasshouse cucumbers, peppers and ornamentals
as well as of other plants. Its presence in Greece, as a native species, is
very important and it is worth while the study of its biological and
behavioural properties for a better understanding of the capabilities for its
use as a biological control agent.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 10 (1992)
===============================================================
Å.Ô. STRATOPOULOU and Å.Ô. CAPATOS. Distribution of Population of
Immature Stages of Pear Psylla, Cácopsyllá pyri, within the Tree and
Development of Sampling Strategy.
Entomologia Hellenica 10 (1992): 5-10.
National Agricultural Research Foundation, Plant
Protection Instituts of Volos, Greece
The distribution of Cacopsylla
pyri (L.) (Homoptera-Psyllidae)
infestation within the tree canopy and in the varions organs of the tree was
investigated in the region of Magnesia (Greece) during 1988 and 1989. The upper
parts of the tree canopy and the sections orientated to South and west were
infested heavier during winter and spring. Later in the scason the infestation
was diffused within the tree canopy and at the end of the season a rather
uniform pattern of distribution was observed. During the first oviposition
period (February-March), the preferred oviposition sites were flower buds white
during spring (second generation) they were the leaves of flower buds and young
shoots. Sampling strategy for the study of populations of immature stages of
pear psylla is discussed on the oasis of these findings.
===============================================================
Å.Ô. STRATOPOULOU and Å.Ô. CAPATOS. Phenology of Population of Immature Stages of Pear
Psylla, Cácopsyllá pyri, in the Region of Magnesia (Greece). p.11-17. Entomologia Hellenica 10 (1992): 11-17.
National Agricultural Research Foundation,
Plant Protection Institute of Volos, Greece
The phenology of the population of
immature stages of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri (L.), was studied in
Greece (region of Magnesia), during the period 1988-1991 and it was found to
follow a basic pattern. Pear psylla produces 5-6 gencrations per year. The
first generation develops during the period February-middle April and it is
quite discrets. Three overlapping generations are developed during the period
front middle April until middle August but the amount of overlapping varies
front year to year. Front middle August until the end of the season pear psylla
produces 1-2 generations, i.e. only a part of the firth generation complotes
the sixth one. Population density is generally low during the first generation but
during May-June reaches verty high levels. During sommer, strong environmental
pressure, supresses the population of pear psylla to low levels but it recovers
again during September-October.
===============================================================
S. ÁÌÉÔÁÉ. New Records of
Phytoseiid Mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from Cyprus.
Entomologia Hellenica 10 (1992): 19-20.
Depart. of
Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Voleani Cenfer, P.O. Box 6,
Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Seven species of Phytosciid mites
are recorded for the first lime from varions plants in Cyprus: Amblyseius
barkeri (Hughes), Euseius seutalis (Athias-Henriot), Euseius
finlandicus (Oudemans), Typhlodromus leptodactylus Wainstein, Typhlodromus
exhilaralus Ragusa, Tkyphlodromus phicitalus Athias-Henriot, Typhlodromus
carmonae Chant and Toshida-Shaul.
===============================================================
D.S. ÊÕÑARISSOUDAS. Flight of White Peach Scale, Pseudáulácáspis
pentágoná, Males and Time of Crawler Appearance in Northern Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 10 (1992): 21-24.
Regional Centre of Plant Protection &
Quality Control, GR-546 26 Thessaloniki, Greece
The seasonal Wight of white peach
scale (WPS), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti, males was
studied during 1989, 1990 and 1991 in a peach orchard of Central Macedonia in
Northern Greece by sex pheromone trapping. Three periods of male flight
activity (mid-May to late June, mid-July to late August and early September to
early November) were recorded annually. These flights correlated with three
periods of crawler emergence (late June to early August, second ten days of
August to third ten days of September, and mid-April to early May late May to
early June of the next year). The first two periods of crawler activity came
approximately 33 and 27 days after the beginning of the two first periods of
male flight, respectively, while the crawlers corresponding to the third male
flight emerged approximately 15 days after the deposition of the first spring
eggs.
===============================================================
SAFEL DAWLA ABDALLA and S. MICHELAKIS. The application of an Integrated
Control on Eggplant for the Greenhouse Whitef1y, Triáleurodes váporáriorum. Entomologia Hellenica 10 (1992): 25-32.
Mediterranean Agronomie Institute of Chania,
P.O. Box 85, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece, and
Subtropical Plants and Olive Trees Institute, Chania, Crete, Greece
Integrated control of the
greenhouse whitefly on eggplant, using physical (traps), chemical and
biological methods, was tested. The mort efficient combination was the use of
Quinomethionate and traps. Applaud and Actellic mixture was fairly effective in
controlling the greenhouse whitefly. Biological control by the parasite Encarsia
formosa (Gahan), resulted in moderate, but adequate
control when combined with traps. Traps clone gave reasonable results. All
treatments were effective in reducing whitefly population to a satisfactory low
level, when compared to the untreated populations. Parasitoid/host release
ratio play an important rote in the results of biological control using E. formosa. The higher relcase ratio of 4:1, parasitoid:host, gave the maximum parasitization percentage.
===============================================================
S. MARKALAS. Flight Period of Pháenops
knoteki and Acánthocinus reticulátus.
Entomologia Hellenica 10 (1992): 33-35.
Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forestry
and Natural Environment, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki,
P.O. Box 228, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece.
The flight period of Phaenops knoteki (Coleoptera:
Buprestidae) was extended front the end of May until the middle of August and
Chat one of Acanthocinus reticulatus (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) front
middle of June until middle of September.
===============================================================
V.Â. MAGDUM and S.B. MAGADUM.
Effect of 17â Estradiol on the Economic Parameters of
silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Entomologia Hellenica 10 (1992): 37-40.
Department of Zoology, Karanatak
University, Dharwad-580003, Karnataka, India
The effect of 17-P estradiol on the
precocooning and post cocooning parameters of silkworm (Pure Mysore breed) were
studied. The 17-â estradiol of 1, 5 and 10 ìg/ml concentration was topically
applied independently at 36h to III, IV and V instar larvae (Treatment-1), at
48h to IV and V instar larvae (Treatment-2) and at 72h to V instar larvae
(Treatment-3). The repeated applications with each concentration of 17-â
estradiol in Treatment 1&2 larvae or single application in Treatment 3
variously affected the precocooning and post cocooning parameters. The
repeated applications of 1 pg 17-â estradiol (Treatment-1) improve the fecundity
and decrease the larval duration, cocooning and moth emergence percentages.
===============================================================
D.P. LYKOURESSIS, Ì. TAYLOR, J.A. TSITSIPIS and Í. KATIS. New Records of Aphid Species Caught in Water Yellow
Traps in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 10 (1992): 41-43.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural, University of Athens, Athens, GR-118 SS, Greece,
Entomology and Nematology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station,
Harpenden Herts, AL 5 2JQ, England,
Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, University of Thessalia, 383
34 Volos, Greece,
Plant Pathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 540 06
Thessaloniki, Greece
A number of yellow Moericke water
traps were placed in Cotton, tomato, tobacco, potato, squash and maize fields
in Boiotia, Thessalia, Macedonia and Aitoloakarnania from June to the end of 1992.
From a limited number of trip captures examined, fifty nive aphid species were
identified of which twenty species arc new records for Greece.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 9 (1991)
===============================================================
P.F. GALICHET, J.A. TSITSIPIS and Ì.Ñ. ALEXANDRI. Distribution en Grece des
genres Archanara et Nonagria.
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 5-11.
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
Station de Recherches de Zoologie et d’Apidologie,
Domaine Saint- Paul-Cantarel - 84143 Montfavet Cédex, France and
Institute of Biology, N.R.C. «Democrilos» P.O. Box 60228, Aghia Paraskevi, GR -
15310, Greece
Quatre prospections faunistiques
(1985-1988-1989-1990) on ete realises dans les biotopes humides de la Thrace au
Peloponnese: des larves d’ Archanara geminipuncta
ont ete collectees dans les roselieres depuis le delta de l’Evrous jusqu’en
Grece centrale et occidentale dans 12 stations sur 15. Les especes A.
sparganii et N. typhae on ete retrouvees dans le typhetum, depuis
le delta de l’Evrous jusqu’a Salonique puis dans l’ile d'Eubée et le nord du
Peloponnese pour la seconde. L’espece A. dissoluta fut collectee en 1
seul exemplaire. La limite meridionale de ces especes en Grece centrale ne
parait pas tres eloignée du 39eme parallele. Leurs distributions sont discutees
en fonction des temperatures maximales estivales. Un parasitoïde commun aux 4
especes phytophages, Lydella thompsoni (Diptera: Tachinidae) a ete
egalement observe.
===============================================================
C.TH. BUCHELOS.
Dinoderus minutus and D. breíis (Coleoptera:
Bostrychidae): Two Exotic Wood Borers Introduced to Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 13-15.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology Agricultural University of Athens, Votanicos, Greece
Two Bostrychidae species, Dinoderus
minutus (Fabricius) and D. brevis Horn, found infesting bamboo
articles – imported from Hong Kong and the Philippines respectively – in the
region of Athens, are reported as new records from Greece. Information about
their distribution and hosts is provided; furthermore their economic importance
for Greece is examined.
===============================================================
Å.Í. HATZINIKOLIS and N.G. EMMANOUEL. Description of Breíipalpus spaticus spec. nov.
from Olive Trees in Greece (Acari: Tenuipalpidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 17-20.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Center of Athens, 141 13 Lykovrysi Attiki, Greece, and
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens,
Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
The female and deutonymph of Brevipalpus
spaticus spec. nov. (Atari: Tenuipalpidae) are
described and illustrated.
===============================================================
Å.Í. HATZINIKOLIS and N.G. EMMANOUEL. Á Revision of the Genus Bryobia in Greece (Acari:
Tetranychidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 21-34.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Center of Athens, 141 13 Lykovrysi Attiki, Greece, and
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens,
Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
The genus Bryobia from
Greece is revised and a key to 16 species is provided. Three new species, B.
caricae, B. cerasi and B. siliquae, are described and illustrated. Four species, B. artemisiae Bagdasarian, B. convolvulus Tuttle
and Baker. B. vasiljevi Reek and B. watersi Manson are
recorded for the first time in this country. Information on the
hosts, distribution and economic importance is presented for each species. Some
of the hosts and damage symptoms are recorded for the first time.
===============================================================
G.TH. PAPADOULIS and N.G. EMMANOUEL. The genus Amblyseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Greece, with the
Description of a New Species.
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 35-62.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens,75 Iera
Odos, 11855, Greece
A nationwide survey on Phytoseiid mites in Greece revealed the
occurrence of 19 species belonging to the Genus Amblyseius. A key and
illustrations of all these species are given along with the synonyms, habitats
and distribution data. A new species, A. makedonicus, found on Oryza
saliva, is described.
===============================================================
F. KOZAR, S. PALOUKIS and Í. PAPADOPOULOS. New Scale Insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in the
Greek Entomofauna.
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 63-68.
Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Budapest P.O.Box 102, H-1525, Hungary and
Plant Protection Institute of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki,Greece
Collection of scale insects in Greece in 1990 - 1991 provided 71
species. Among them, 31 species were new for the Greek fauna. The total number
of known species is 143 in Greece. Host plant's levels of infestation and
phonological data are also presented. The results show that scale insect fauna
of this country needs further intensive studies.
===============================================================
Ñ.
KATSOYANNOS. First Record of Aleurothrixus
floccosus (Mask.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Greece and Some Observations
ïn its Phenology.
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 69-72.
National Agricultural Research Foundation
& Benaki Phytopathological Institute,GR-145 61
Kifissia, Greece
Aleurothrixus.floccosus was first found
in Greece on citrus trees in several urban areas of East Attica, in May 1991. During
the following summer and autumn, all preimaginal instars of the insect were
found on sample leaves. Adults were captured on yellow sticky traps throughout
this period, until mid-December. During the winter (Dec., Jan.) the majority of
the population consisted of third and fourth pre-imaginal instars. For control
of A. floccosus, the parasitoid Coles noacki (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae) was imported into Greece from Spain in late 1991. The introduced
populations were successfully multiplied in the insectary.
===============================================================
C.TH. BUCHELOS. Á New Host
Plant for Scobicia cheírieri (Villa) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 73-75.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens,75 Iera
Odos, 11855, Greece
Bostrychidae is primarily a family
of wood-boring beetles, distributed mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Many species
are serious pests of growing trees and felled timber. One species, Rhysopertha
dominica (F.), is a grain borer and the
most frequently met among beetles infesting stored wheat in Greece
(Buchelos 1981). Two other bostrychids, Dinoderus minutia (F.) and
Dinoderus brevis Horn, have been recently found
in Greece infesting bamboo articles imported from Hong-Kong and the Philippines
respectively. Wooden parts (branches of 3 to 18 cm in diameter) of Brachychiton
acerifolium Mull. and Brachychiton diversifolium
G. Don. (Sterculiaceae) trees, widely used as ornamentals in alleys and
parks in Attika, Greece, that have been cut and stored for one at least year in
the open, were found heavily infested by bostrychid beetles and their larvae;
the exterior of these branches was densely perforated by tunnel openings about
1,5 mm in diameter, while the interior presented an
almost complete deterioration due to numerous galleries caused by the insects.
Due to the fact that the living Brachychiton trees of the region examined
were found infestation free, one is lead to the conclusion that the infestation
occurred after felling; furthermore, the infestation on B. acerifolium seemed
more severe than on B. diversifolium wooden parts. The identification of
the adults, based on taxonomic keys of Lesne 1900, Renter 1911, Por to 1929,
Portevin 1931 and Fisher 1950, lead to Scobicia chevrieri (Villa) and
was confirmed by the identification group of the Bayerische Staatsamlung,
Munich. The species belongs to the subfamily Bostrychinae, tribe Xyloperthini,
genus Scobicia Lesne; it has also been found under the synonyms: Apate
chevrieri Villa, Apate capilata Dejean, Xylopertha chevrieri J.
Duval, Xylopertha foveicollis Allard, Xylopertha pustulate Kiesenwetter
and Scobicia pustulate Jacobson. The adults found in the region of
Attika, near Athens, are 3.3-4.5 mm long and 1.2 to 1.5 wide. S. chevrieri is
reported being distributed in many regions of Italy from the Alpes and Tyrol to
Sardinia and Sicily, across the French Mediterranean coast and Corsica, Spain
(Malaga, Seville, Cordoba), Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria,
Israel, Libanon, Syria, Caucasus, Crimea and Cyprus. In the relevant
literature, S. chevrieri is recorded attacking mainly dead branches of
the following plants: fig (Ficus sp.), mulberry (Maras sp.),
green oak (Quercus ilex L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.),
evergreen oak (Quercus coccifera L.), laurel (Laurus
nobilis L.), mastic-tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.), birch
(Betula sp.), fox grape (Nibs lahrusca L.), pomegranate
(Punica granatani), chestnut (Castanea sp.) and gem-tree (Eucalyptus
spp.). Brachychiton spp. is recorded here for the first time as host
of the insect.
===============================================================
Í. Å.
RODITAKIS. First Record of Fránkliniellá
occidentális in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 77-79.
Plant Protection Institute, GR-71 110
Heraclion, Greece
The Western Flower Thrips (WET), Frankliniella
occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a north
american species. During the decades of 1970 and 1980 it spread to
Europe and to other countries of the world. It was first found in Hawaii in
1972, in New Zealand in 1973, in South Korea in 1974, in Peru in 1977, in the
Netherlands in 1983, in Denmark in 1985, in Germany, England, Canada, Japan,
South Africa in 1986, and in France, Finland, Hungary, Spain, Switzerland in 1987. The WET was first recorded in Greece on
greenhouse sweet pepper in the area of Ierapetra, Crete, in the early February
of 1988. The identification of the insect was done by the International
Institute of Entomology. In the following year it spread in many greenhouse
plants in the same area and all over Crete within the next two years, where it
became one of the most important pests. Eversince the insect has been attacking
many outdoor crops, such as beans, grape berries, strawberries, carnation etc
and it has been found in other areas in continental Greece. There is
speculation that the WET was introduced to Crete with potted or cut flower
plants. The population of the WET on greenhouse plants was found elevated in
samplings done on greenhouse sweet pepper in 1988. Twelve random samplings of
leaves and flowers, four from each, were examined. The samples were washed in
the field with ethanol and collected in a bottle. Four sticky yellow plastic
sheets (10x10cm) were set up in the same greenhouse and kept for 48 hours.
Examination of the samples and sheets indicated that 96,8%
of the adults belonged to WET. On the leaves there were found 531 ± 162.4
nymphs and adults, on the flowers 8 ± 3.7 and on the traps 265 ± 42.9 adults.
The adults of WET are 2-3 mm long usually brown in color. They are rapidly
dispersed to great distances and live mainly in the flower heads feeding on
pollen. The males are usually smaller and darker than the females. The eggs are
laid in the parenchyma of leaves, flower petals and fruits by a serrate
ovipositor. There are two larval stages, a prenymphal and a nymphal stage. The
two last stages (prenymphal and nymphal) are immobile and do not feed. They are
usually found in the ground. Its life cycle lasts 44 days at 15"C, 21 at
20"C and 14 at 30"C. The longevity of females was found to be 70, 60
and 30 days at 15, 20 and 30°C respectively. The preoviposition period was 10
days at 15°C and three at 20 and 30"C. The number of eggs laid was closely
related to the temperature and the host plant. The fecundity was 40 and 300
eggs per female at 15°C on radishes and chrysanthemum, 65 and 100 at 20°C on
radish and bean respectively (Bryan and Smith 1956, Trichilo and Leight 1988).
The mode of reproduction of WET has not been investigated well. The females
start reproducing without the presence of males and the sex ratio of progeny was
about I male: 6 females. Our observations
has shown that the sex ratio was 1 male: 9 females on greenhouse
cucumbers and melons in the spring. The WET has a great variety of host plants
(219) including cultivated and weed species such as
cotton, vines, glasshouse plants, bulbous plants, apple trees, cacti etc.
Characteristic symptoms of the insect activity are the silvering or browning of
the underside of leaves, leaf and fruit deformities. A safe identification can
only be carried out in the laboratory. The main symptoms of heavily attacked
plants by WET that we observed were the yellowish folliage, necrotic spots on
leaves, leaf and fruit deformities and scabs on fruits. Most of the crop losses
were observed on sweet peppers (60-80% fruit scab), cucumber (long fruit
varieties; yellowing of leaves, scabs on fruits and deformities 80-90%),
carnations (flower discoloration 60-90%), roses (flower abnormal openning
60-80%), zerbera (flower abnormalities and discoloration 50-90%) and grape
berries (fruit scab 40-60%). There are three genetic variants; the light,
intermediate and dark brown form. Presently the light and intermediate forms
have been found in Europe while the dark one is rare. In Crete we found the
first two forms. The mechanical damage of leaves and fruits caused by the
ovipositor of WET has been associated with fungal and bacterial disease
outbreaks. An outbreak of the bacterium Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder)
Dowson on the leaves of melon and cucumber, heavily attacked by WET, has been recorded
in Crete during the last two years. Moreover, WET is the predominant vector of
TSWV (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus). Epidemics caused by TSWV in Dahlia,
Sinningia, Lycopersicon, Tagetes and Cyclamen were assossiated with
population outbreaks of WET in commercial greenhouses in Ontario, Canada in
1985. Viral infection of tomato and lettuce had been observed previously in
Hawai in the 1960’s . This virus has recently caused
severe damage on field grown tomato, fruits and leaves, in the neighbourhood of
tobacco plants in Nothern Greece). The biological control of F.
occielentalis with Amblyseius spp. has not been succesful in many
cases while its integrated control is under investigation. A promising evidence
of the effect of natural control in Crete was obtained when 12 small potted
cucumber plants, heavily infested by WET, were exposed outdoors in June for 60
days. A rapid establishment of the mirid predator Macrolophus caliginosus and
numerous unidentified species, belonging to the genera Nabis and Orius,
that controlled completely the WET within 20-30 days, was observed. This is
an indication of the possible role of beneficials for the population management
of WET.
===============================================================
D.P.
LYKOURESSIS. Epithrix
hirtipennis, a New Pest of Tobacco in Greece,
with Notes on its Morphology, Bioecology and Control.
Entomologia Hellenica 9 (1991): 81-85.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens,75 Iera
Odos, 11855, Greece
The tobacco flea beetle, Epithrix
hirtipennis (Melsheimer) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was first noticed on
tobacco in Agrinio area in early May 1988. In the next year it was also found
to attack tobacco in the same area. Heavy attacks were also recorded on
eggplant while a low infestation was noticed on potato and pepper. To date this
species is widespread in several areas of Phthiotis (Central Greece) where
tobacco is grown developing quite large populations. The adult feeds on the
leaves causing almost circular holes, usually 1-2 mm in diameter, and irregular
shape ones when they are larger. The adult starts feeding usually from the
upper surface of the leaves and to a lesser extent from the underside. When
large numbers of adults are present, larger holes are caused on the tobacco
leaves while in higher population densities, the whole
lamina except of nerves can be eaten, leading to severe damage of the crop. The
adult was usually found on the upper surface of the lower tobacco leaves. It
showed a strong feeding preference for the lower then the upper leaves of
tobacco, as well as plants of reduced growth. The latter preference could be
taken into account in an integrated pest management programme for tobacco
pests. E. hirtipennis is of nearctic origin, known in U.S.A., Canada,
Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Colombia and pos sibly occurs in other areas
of Central and South America. It is a polyphagous species attacking cultivated
plants and weeds such as tobacco, eggplant, potato, tomato, pepper, Jimson
weed, ground cherry, nightshade, horse nettle and to a lesser extent many other
plants. In tobacco, one adult has been estimated that can eat leaf quantity
equal to ten times of its own weight in a day. Therefore, it can lower both the
quantity and quality of leaves. E. hirtipennis was unknown to European
countries until 1983. The first record in Europe was on tobacco in the area of Benevento,
in the Campania region, South Italy. Later, it was recorded in Toscana, whilst
Sannino and Balbiani reported that it was already present in the provinces of
Campania, Basilicata, Lazio, Puglia, Abruzzo, Toscana and Umbria; Toscana and
Umbria are the last areas in which the species was recorded. After its
appearance, it has progressively spread into South and Central Italy causing
damage which depends upon tobacco type. The record of E. hirtipennis at
first in Agrinio area and later in other areas of Central Greece reveals that
it rather invaded West Greece through transport from Italy and has spread to
other areas.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 8 (1990)
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 5-9.
Regional Centre of Plant Protection and
Quality Control, 546 26 Thessaloniki, Greece
During 1986-1988 the relationship
between catches of San Jose scale (SJS), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
adult males in pheromone traps and crawlers on sticky-tape traps was studied as
a basis of SJS crawler control in apple orchards of Northern Greece. Spring
male flight began in mid-to late April and crawler emergence occurred in mid-to
late May. Crawlers were active for a period of 6-7 weeks until early July. Peak
crawler emergence occurred approximately 12 days after the first emergence, or
42 days after the first males were captured on pheromone traps. Because in our
3-year study the crawler emergence occurred 29-31 days or 191-202 day-degrees
(base 10.5°C) after the capture of the first male, we conclude that a
consistent time-relationship exists between the two events. Two insecticide
treatments, one three days after the first crawler appearance and another 10
days later (near peak crawler activity), provided the best control against the
first generation of scale.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 11-19.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,
Agricultural University of Athens, fera Odos 75, 11855
Athens, Greece
Adult females and males of two new
Phytoseiid species, Typhlodromus pentelicus and Typhlodromus
phylaktioticus, are described and illustrated. The former species was found
on the bark of various trees while the latter was collected from Clematis sp.
and Eragaria sp. in Greece.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 21-24.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Centre of
Athens, GR-141 23 Lykovrysi, Attiki, Greece, and
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens,
fera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
The female of Aegyptobia villiensis, new species, is described
and illustrated. It was collected from twigs of Pyrus amygdaliformis at
Villia Attiki, Greece.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 25-27.
Department of Forestry, TEI of Drama,
GR-661 00 Drama, Greece
Tests were made to determine if the
phytophagous insect Leucoma salicis (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae),
preferred Populus alba (L.) or Poplar Clone
“I-214” as its host. These tests were based on field observations in experimental
plots at the nursery of the Forest Research Institute in Thessaloniki, N.
Greece. The observations which continued for a two-year period (1984, 1985)
corroborated the high resistance of P. alba to L.
salicis. Rearing on this host-plant caused retarded growth, produced lower
number of eggs, caused higher larval mortality and generally showed reduced
development always, in comparison with the rearing of this insect on leaves of
Clone “I-214”.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 29-35
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, Faculty of Geotechnical Sciences,
University of Thessaloniki, GR-540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
Grape vine (Vilis vinifera F.)
inflorescences were caged in a bag of organdy in the field, and artificially
infested with 15 neonate larvae of Lohesia botrana (Denis and
Schiffermueller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Olive twigs, each bearing 5 pairs
of inflorescences were caged likewise. In laboratory experiments 15 neonate
larvae were placed in each Petri dish containing one vine inflorescence or an
olive twig bearing two pairs of inflorescences. Three stages of inflorescence
development were used, an early, an intermediate and a late one. Larvae, pupae
and adults were maintained at L:D 16:8 and
24":22°C. In the field, when comparing inflorescences of the earliest
developmental stage, the rate of larval development was significantly faster on
olive than on vine inflorescences. In the laboratory, when comparing
inflorescences of similar developmental stages, the rate of larval development
on olive inflorescences was significantly faster than that on vine
inflorescences. Pupae of both sexes were significantly heavier on olive
inflorescences in all the cases in the laboratory, but in only some cases in
the field. In the field the number of eggs per female and the coefficient of
multiplication of the insect's population from generation to generation were
greater on olive (102.6 and 3.8 respectively) than on vine inflorescences (81.7
and 2.9). In the laboratory, the respective values were 118.5 and 12.3 on
olive, and 90.2 and 4.9 on vine inflorescences. In two-choice tests in
the laboratory, vine inflorescences were preferred for oviposition to olive
inflorescences and to vine or olive leaves. In no-choice tests, vine leaves, vine
inflorescences, olive leaves and olive inflorescences in the least advanced
stage, were all equally accepted for oviposition.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 37-40.
Department of Zoology, Karnatak
University, Dharivad-580 003, Karnalak, India
The effect of Methoprene on larval
and cocoon weight, ovariole length, egg number and fecundity of BombYx mori (Polyvoltine
Pure Mysore breed) was studied. Methoprene at 2.75,4.0 and 8.0 pg!ml dilutions
was topically applied/sprayed on silkworm larvae repeatedly at 36h in 3rd, 4th
and 5th stadium, at 48h in 4th and 5th stadium and singly at 72h in 5th
stadium. Of the various dosages used, the repeated applications of 2.75 pg/ml at 36h in 3rd, 4th and 5th stadium of silkworm larvae
resulted in significant increase in larval weight, cocoon weight, ovariole
length, ovariole egg number and fecundity when compared to untreated controls.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 41-46.
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,
Agricultural University of Athens,75 Iera Odos, 11855
Athens, Greece
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and
Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) were the most abundant aphid species on
lucerne at Kopais, Co. Boiotia in central Greece from April 1984 to November
1986. Population fluctuations for A. pisum showed two peaks, the first
during April-May and the second in November. Low numbers or zero were found during summer and till mid October as well as
during winter and March. The abundance of this species during the year agrees
generally with the effects of prevailing temperatures in the region on aphid
development and reproduction. T. trifolii also showed two population
peaks but at different periods. The first occurred in July and the second from
mid September to mid October. The first peak was higher than the second. The
sharp decline in population densities that occurred in early August and lasted
till mid September is not accounted for by adverse climatic conditions, but
natural enemies and/or other limiting factors are possibly responsible for
that population reduction. Numbers were zero from December till March, while
they kept at low levels during the rest of spring and part of June as well as
from mid October till the end of November.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 47-51.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Centre of
Athens, 14123 Lycovryssi Attiki, Greece and
Lab. of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of
Athens,75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
The adult female and larva of Bryobia attics n. sp. are described
and illustrated. It was collected from Olea europaea bark in Kessariani
and Koropi regions of Attiki, Greece.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 53-58.
The Olive Institute of Corfu, Greece
The population dynamics
of Saisselia oleae (Oliv.) (Homoptera: Coccidae) was studied
in Corfu during five successive yearly generations (1981-1986). Successive
estimates of the population of S. oleae were obtained within each of the
five yearly generations and survivorship curves were constructed showing the
progressive reduction of the living population within each generation and
population changes from generation to generation. The calculated mortality
rates indicate that the population of S. oleae suffers heavy mortality.
The major mortality factors were high temperatures during summer, the action of
predators, particularly during spring, and mortality of crawlers during summer.
Overall survival rate was very low and corresponded to total generation
mortality that ranged from 99.693% to 99.987%. It is assumed that variation in
the action of mortality factors cause considerable I'l Uctuations of the S.
oleae population.
===============================================================
Å.Ô. KAPATOS and Å.Ô. STRATOPOULOU. Population dynamics of Saissetia oleae. II.
Life-tables and key-factor analysis.
Entomologia
Hellenica
8 (1990): 59-64.
The Olive Institute of Corfu, Greece
A series of life-tables
for the population of Saisselia oleae (Oliv.) (Homoptera: Coccidae)
during five yearly generations (1981-86) were constructed in Corfu. Key-factor
analysis carried out on the life-table data indicated that mortality of young
stages during summer, caused mainly by the high temperatures, and mortality
during spring, caused mainly by predation, determine
total population change within each generation. These two mortality factors are
the predominant factors of the population dynamics of S. oleae determining
population fluctuations. The other mortality factors of the population system
of S. oleae were less important. Summer parasites and egg predators, in
particular, do not play any significant role on the population dynamics of S.
oleae.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 65-66.
Lab. of Agricult. Zoology,
and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos,
118 55 Athens, Greece
The green citrus aphid, Aphis
citricola van der Goot, known also as spiraea aphid, Aphis spiraecola
Patch, was first noticed in an orange grove, cv Washington
Navel, in Korinthia southern Greece during spring 1986. It was collected from
tender shoots as early as about mid March and was also found in large numbers
in samples taken during April and May and in lesser numbers in October and
November of the same year. It was also collected from clementine trees during
May. During 1987 this species was also present in samples taken from another
orange grove, cv Washington navel, located in the Co.
Korinthia as well. It was found later in the season, in May, as
compared with the previous year. That was due to the snow and the extremely
cold weather that occurred during March, which resulted in the destruction of
young growth and hence in the delay of the aphid appearance. A. citricola has
been previously recorded in Greece on Matricaria chamomilla L., Crataegus
pyracantha Pers. and Solanum tuberosum L., on Zinnia elegans.Jacq.
and on Prunus armeniaca L. and Pimpinella anisum L. A.
citricola is a small aphid with 1.2-2.2 min length and body yellowish green
to apple green. Siphunculi and cauda are dark brown and the head is brown in
apterac. It is very similar to Aphis pomi De Geer and is often confused
with it in the literature, especially on Rosaceae. A. pomi has lateral
tubercles on abdominal segments 2-4, rarely fewer than 14 hairs on cauda and
length of the last rostral segment more than 130µm. A. citricola has no
lateral tubercles on abdominal segments 2-4, usually fewer than 12 hairs on
cauda, and last rostra] segment less than 120µm in length. One more difference
concerns the shape of the cauda which is more elongate and visibly notched at
base in A. citricola than in A. poini. A. citricola causes
curling and distortion of the leaves, especially of those near apices of tender
shoots of the host plants. This is very characteristic in certain citrus such
as orange and clementine trees. It is a highly polyphagus species that occurs
on hosts belonging to more than 20 families, including
Amaranthaccae, Caprifoliaccae, Compositae, Euphorbiaccac, Rosaccae, Rubiaccae,
Rutaceae, Urticaceae and Verbenaceac but is of particular importance on citrus.
A. citricola is considered the most harmful aphid species for orange,
mandarins and clementine trees in Italy and in other citrus growing countries
of the Mediterranean basin. This species was known in North America at least
since 1907 and was introduced to the Mediterranean region in about 1931. A. citricola appeared
in citrus groves in Mediterranean countries almost 20 years ago, while it was
first recorded in Israel in 1970 and became a major pest in citrus groves in
1973. It is a vector of citrus tristeza virus but its ability for transmitting
this virus is much lower than that of Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy). A.
citricola may reproduce either anholocyclically or holocyclically.
Anholocyclic reproduction occurs in many parts of the world and is considered
as more frequent. Nevertheless, holocyclic reproduction also occurs, and in
this case, the genus Spiraea of Rosaccae is the primary host, although
oviposition may take place on the same citrus trees in Japan. The intrinsic
rate of natural increase of the aphid attained its maximum at a constant
temperature near 27°C. The numbers of A. citricola found in the samples
from cv Washington navel were large and higher than
those of Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe), when the latter
species was present. With the assumption that such large numbers occur also in
other areas of the country, A. citricola should be the dominant and most
harmful aphid species on citrus in Greece, as this is the case in other
Mediterranean countries.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 8 (1990): 67-68.
Lab. of Agricult. Zoology
and Entomology, Agricultural Unirersityv of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55
Athens, Greece
The potato aphid, Macrosiphum
euphorbiae (Thomas), is a highly polyphagous species on secondary hosts
feeding on over 200 plant species, but is especially found on Solanum
tuberosum L. M. euphorhiae was first noticed on cotton (cv
Zeta 2) at Thiva in central Greece in May 1988 during a study on the population
dynamics of cotton aphids carried out in a cotton field in the above mentioned
region. This species has been recorded on other host-plants in Greece. It
resembles Acyrthosiphon gossvpii Mordvilko, a species which also
colonizes cotton but has not been recorded yet in Greece. They can be
distinguished from each other since the former has shorter siphunculi, hearing
a zone of polygonal reticulation on their apices, than the latter. Moreover, it
is easily distinguishable from Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis fabae Scopoli
and Aphis craccivora Koch, species which also colonize cotton. A.
gossypii is the most important aphid species attacking cotton at Thiva
region and has also been recorded previously on cotton by various authors. The
species A. fabae and A. craccivora have also been recorded on
cotton in Greece. M. euphorbiae was found in the first three samplings
that occurred between mid and the end of May when plants were young. From early
June and during the rest of the growing season this species was not found in
the field. In a total of about 50 plants sampled in each sampling only a few
individuals were found. The majority of aphids were alatae, representing 69, 60
and 43 percent of the population at the first. second
and third sampling dates, respectively. Alatae started to reproduce on the
plants after their alightment, since first and second instar nymphs were
present even from the first sampling which took place after the appearance of
plants. However, the number of nymphs was kept low during the period M.
euphorbiae was present, suggesting that this was possibly due
either to the partial unsuitability of the cotton variety as host or to the
effect of the systemic insecticide, phorate which had been applied at sowing,
but this needs further investigation. This species was found again in low
numbers in another cotton field at Thiva region, from mid May to early June of
1989. The fact that this species was not found from early June onwards in both
years reveals that cotton is only a temporary secondary host-plant, possibly
not very suitable for aphid development and reproduction. However, cotton may
play some role on the population dynamics of M. euphorbiae on subsequent
crops and mainly on potatoes, a crop which is widely planted at Thiva region.
This might be of particular concern because M. euphorbiae is a vector
of several viruses.
===============================================================
Volume 7 (1989)
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 3-6.
Regional Centre of Plant Protection and
Quality, Control, GR-546 26 Thessaloniki, Greece
Trials were carried out in 1986 and
1987 with the mating disruption method for the control of oriental fruit moth (Cydia
molesta Busck) in peaches of Northern Greece. One or two applications
during April-September of the synthetic pheromone lsomate-M, at a rate of 1,000
units per ha, resulted in a 100% prevention of captures in pheromone traps in
all trials, with fruit damage ranging from 0.1-2.0%. Damage in the
conventionally sprayed treatments was 0.3-2.4% while infestation in the
unsprayed plots reached 6-17%. The encouraging results, especially when taking
into account the relatively small size of the orchards, opens opportunities for
the integrated control of this peach insect pest under the conditions of
Northern Greece.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 7-12.
Laboratory of Economic Entomology, Benaki
Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kiphissia, Athens, Greece
Coleoptera adults belonging to at least
64 species were collected in a 2-year survey held in 5 regions of southeastern
Greece on different plants, members of the subfamily Cynaroideae: Compositae,
commonly known as thistles. In the cited list is depicted the presence of each
species according to its host, the plant part of the host, the season and the
region it was collected. Species which are considered to be stored product
insects are noticed while a special reference is made to Lasioderma spp.
found on thistles.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 13-16.
Regional Centre of Plant Protection and
Quality Control, GR-546 26 Thessaloniki, Greece
Trials were carried out in 1987 and
1988 on the combined control of oriental fruit moth (OFM), Cydia molesta (Busck),
and peach twig borer (PTB), Anarsia lineatella (Zell), in peach orchards
in Northern Greece with Isomate-M pheromone dispensers (mating disruption
technique) and insecticides against OFM and PTB, respectively. One application
of the Isomate-M at a rate of 1,000 units per ha, and one application of the
insect growth inhibitor (IGI) hexaflumuron 5 EC (200 ml f.p,/hl) or two sprays
of fluvalinate 25 AF (60 ml f.p./hl) during June provided satisfactory control
of OFM and PTB. Total damage per tree in the trials reached 1.0-3.6%, versus
1.4-3.0% in the conventionally sprayed orchards, while in unsprayed control
blocks it was 14.4-23k. These encouraging results open possibilities for
the combined control of these peach insects in Northern Greece.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 17-26.
Station Federate
de Recherches Agronoiniques de Changins, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland, and
Washington State Universiy, Wenatchee, Washington 98801, USA
The summerfruit tortrix, Adoxophyes
orana F.v.R., is a pest which has recently adapted to the intensive culture
of apple and pear. The larvae develop primarily on the young leaves and shoots
and occasionally feed on the surface of the fruit. Under Swiss conditions there
are two flights per year though there are three in Greece with the second and
third overlapping. The diapausing larvae hibernate in the third stage (L3) and
begin development again in the spring. There are three periods in which the
larvae are active. The methods used to sample populations for making management
decisions are: visual examination of flower clusters in spring, sex pheromone
traps, and visual examination of shoots and fruit in summer. A model describing
the life cycle as a function of temperature allows for the determination of the
best time to sample damage and to apply treatments with regard to their
particular mode of action. Some classical insecticides provide control
curatively but efficiency is always reduced against older larvae. The best
results are obtained at egg eclosion following the first flight. The insect
growth regulator (IGR), fenoxycarb, is very effective when applied in the
spring against the last stage larvae (Ls) of the overwintering
generation. A specific virus also gives good control in the spring against
overwintering larvae. The mating disruption technique and insect growth
inhibitors (ICI), which prevent the formation of chitin, are currently being
studied. For all the products used to control A. orana, the timing of
the application is extremely important in order to obtain the best
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 27-30.
USDA-ARS, Biological Control of Weeds
Laboratory, c/o American Consulate General, Thessaloniki, Greece, and University
of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology,
540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
Filed collected rosettes or twigs
of Centaurea diffusa De Lamarck, infested by the gall mite Aceria
centaureae, were fixed onto appropriately grown and planted test plants of
ten different species in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1985 and 1986.
The test plants were inspected for presence of galls and mites a few to several
days after their contact with the infested twigs. Gall formation occurred on
all of the Centaurea diffusa test plants, either of Greek or U.S.
origin, and on some of the Centaurea solstitialis, L. test plants. No
galls or other mite damage could be found on the other test plants, which were Carthamus
tinctorius L. (safflower), Cirsiton creticion (De Lamarck)
D'Urville, of local origin and six Cirsium species of U.S. origin, i.e. cymosum
(Greene) J. T. Howell, occidentals (Nutt) Jeps., pastoris Howell,
andersonii (Gray) Petrak, brevistylum Crong; and undulation (Nutt.)
Spreng. These results suggest that A. centaureae most
probably has a very restricted host plant range, feeding only on weedy Centaurea
spp. Thus the mite should be considered as a possible candidate for
biological control of diffuse knapweed in the U.S.A. and Canada.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 31-34.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Centre of
Athens, GR-141 23 Lycovrysi Attiki, Greece
The female of Aceria cretica, new
species, is described and illustrated. This species was found and collected
from an isolated group of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) in Crete,
Greece. It causes subcircular, greenish patches under leaf surface, similar to
those caused by Aceria oleae (Nalepa 1900).
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 35-41.
Dow Chemical Export, Athens, and Experiment
Station Dow Chemical, Thessaloniki
Experiments with hexaflumuron have
been made against pests on apples, pears, peaches, potatoes and maize. On
apples a predefined spray program was used for the combined control of Cydia
pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Phyllonorycter blancardella. (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), P. corylifoliella (Hbn)
(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Leucoptera scitella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera:
Lyonetiidae) and Adoxophyes orana (F.v. Roslerstamm) (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae). Sprays started when C. pomonella adults appeared and were
continued every 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Against Cacopsylla pyri L. (Homoptera:
Psyllidae), Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Grapholitha
molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), trials were made to define
efficacy and timing, while trials on Leptinotarsa decendineata (Say)
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) were only for efficacy. Hexaflumuron promised to be an excellent
insecticide since it was at least as good as organophosphate standards, amitraz
and the benzoylphenyl ureas (BPU) tested. With fewer sprays it gave seasonal
and combined control on apple pests. It is a new BPU insecticide with low
mammalian toxicity and fits IPM programs, since its toxicity to predators and
parasites is low. Hexaflumuron had no effect on adults of the predator Coccinella
septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) in the potato trial. Sprays
must start at the beginning of the oviposition of fruit damaging pests and at
the egg or early larva-nymph stage of the foliage damaging pests. The spray
must fully cover fruit and foliage.
===============================================================
G. MICHALOPOULOS. First records of the bayberry
whitefly, Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 43-45.
ICI HELLAS S.A.,
Syngrou 231, 171 21 N. Smyrni, Athens, Greece
Citrus groves of Corfu had been attacked during the
last decade by citrus whitefly Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead). It
presumably expanded later, and it was found to cause a serious infestation on
lemon trees of Achaia region during summer of 1986, while it disappeared later
existing today only in very small pockets on ornamental citrus species in
Attica area. Late in August 1988, the leaves of citrus trees,
and to a lesser extent of grapevines, in the region of Corinthia, NE
Peloponnesos, in South Greece were covered by larvae, pupae and adults of a
whitefly that was different from D. citri. In autumn of the same year,
it was noticed that the infestation of this new whitefly had expanded to other
parts of Peloponnese such as Argos, Patras and Ilia region. Samples of citrus
and grapevine leaves with nymphs of the insect were sent for identification to
British Museum of Natural History. Dr. J. H. Martin identified the species as Parabemisia
myricae (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), making the first record of the
species in Greece. The species is a native of Japan and possibly of other
eastern asian countries such as Taiwan and West
Malaysia. Today, the insect has been recorded in USA (California), Cyprus,
Israel and Turkey, Egypt (Martin personal communication) and it is a pest of
woody plants, especially citrus trees and grapevines. The damage caused to the
plants by this insect, as a feeder, can be serious in cases of large
populations accompanied with problems associated with the development of sooty
mould on the excreted honeydew. In the autumn of 1988, infestation was high
(more than 20 nymphs/leaf) in Achaia and Corinthia regions of N. Peloponnese,
causing great concern to citrus growers. This species of whitefly was not
included in the lists of known plant pests of Greece. It is probable that it
invaded Greece from Israel. P. myricae is a newly introduced pest in
citrus growing countries and there is little information available on its
biology and control. Most of the published data comes from Israel and
California on the biology and biological control of the insect. Additional data
have been published on flight behaviour, oviposition behaviour, and survival of
young nymphs on leaves of different age citrus leaves. The adults of P.
myricae are smaller than D. citri adults and they have a
dusty blue gray or lavender appearance. The females oviposit on very young
leaves, often in circles. Preference for oviposition on very young leaves seems
to be related to properties of the leaf cuticle. Leaf age is a critical factor
for survival of nymphs. This gives a good explanation for the observed high
rates of mortality in spring for nymphs growing on rapidly maturing leaves. It
has been observed that on orange trees less eggs are
layed on the lower surface of the leaves, while on lemon trees they tend to be
layed equally on both surfaces. Initially eggs are off-white, while after about
one day they gradually turn to brownish and finally black, before they hatch.
First instar crawlers settle on the surface of the young leaves with a
preference to the lower surface. First flights of adults were noticed in this
area in late February of 1989. By end of March early April the emergence of
adults of the first 1989 generation had been completed. It seems that it
produces a quite large number of generations during the year, as it requires
only 21 days at temperatures fluctuating between 210oC and 17.3oC
and 65-100 percent relative humidity, to complete its cycle in
glasshouse. Being a pest of Citrus and grapevines (Vitis vinifera) it
has also been found on hosts like Ficus, Persea, Prunus, Psidium and Thea.
As a matter of fact it has also been found in small colonies on Prunus
cerasi in Northern Peloponnese in autumn 1988. Work on the control of Parabemisia
myricae with the insect growth regulator Buprofezin has started in Greece
in 1988 and is expected to be concluded in 1990.
===============================================================
L.
Á. SANTAS. Species of
honeydew producing insects useful to apicu1ture in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 7 (1989): 47-48.
Agricultural University of Athens,
Laboratory of Sericulture-Apiculture, 118 55 Athens, Greece
In many countries of Europe as well as in Greece a
high percentage (40-70%) of the honey production derives from honeydew
producing insects which belong to Hemiptem-Homoptera and mainly to the
superfamilies Aphidoidea, Coccoidea, Psyloidea and Aleuroidea. To identify
these useful to apiculture insects in Greece, a survey work has been carried
out since 1977. From this research thirty eight species were observed and
listed in the period of 1977-1983. Fifty eight species producing honeydew
exploited by bees have been also observed in Central Europe. At least 120
species of honeydew producing insects (Rhynchota), on various host plants,
have been recorded in Greece, therefore the number of insects useful to
apiculture might be higher. This work aimed at finding more sources of honey
production in our country and for this reason a survey was carried out in many
areas to collect and identify the honeydew producing insects on which bees were
observed to forage. The work was based on the method used previously. For that,
sampling was carried out everywhere bees were observed to forage on insects honeydew. Bees were captured and examined according
to the method described by Gary and Lorenzen to find out if and when the bees
forage on this honeydew. The data collected during this period, 1984 to 1989,
are recorded in this note. List of Species: I) Aphidoidea: A) Aphididae: 1) Acyrthosiphon
caraganae (Cholodkovsky) (Aphidinae). It was found on the shrub Colutea
arborescens L. at Portaria, Pelion, in May 1986. The bees forage from late
April to June. This host plant exists almost all over Greece, but in high
numbers in Peloponnesus, Sterea Hellas and Thessaly. A. caraganae was
found in all these areas, while the bees were observed to forage on this aphid.
2) Corylobium avellanae (Schrank) (Aphidinae). It was observed on
filbert trees (Corylus avellana L.) in the Grevena area in 1984 and
later in Aghia, Larissa co. and Katerini, Pieria co. It is found on the under
side of the leaf and produces honeydew from May to mid July. 3) Hyalopterus
ainvgdafi (Blanchard) (Aphidinae). This aphid appears at high population
levels on almond trees (Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb.) in Locrida
and Attiki (Central Greece) and on the island of Kea. It produces large
quantities of honeydew in May, June, July. B) Lachnidae: 1) Cinara juniperi (De
Geer) (Cinarinae). It was observed on Juniperus spp. in Giona mountain, in May 1986, at an altitude where the fir trees
grow. The bees forage from May to early June. This honeydew is produced earlier
than that excreted by the coccid Physokerines hemicryphus Dalman which
lives on fir trees, and is very useful to apiculture in Greece. There are
indications that the existence of this aphid close to fir forests,
is a prediction that the coccid P. hemicryphus is going to attain high
populations at the same year, but this has to be verified. 2) Cinara
tujufilina (del Guercio) (Cinarmae). This aphid
was observed on ornamental Thuja spp. in Votanikos Athens and Kiphissia,
Attiki in April 1984. The bees forage late in April to May. This insect is new
to the Greek fauna. C) Drepanosiphidae: 1) Phyllaphis phagi (L.) (Phyllaphidinae). Common aphid on Fagus
silvatica L. It was found almost everywhere this host exists as in
the mountains of Iti, Tymphristos, Pelion, Vermion and others. This insect
produces honeydew in May, June and July. 2) Pterocallis maculata (Von
Heyden) (Drepanosiphinae). It was found at low population levels on Alnus
q1tifinosa Garth. in the mountains Pelion and
Olympus in Central Greece in May 1987. This aphid produces honeydew in May,
June and July. 3) Tuberculoides eggleri Burnes (Drepanosiphinae). This
aphid was found on various species of Quercus spp. on the mountains,
Zeria, Kalidromon, Iti, Pelion and Olympus, at relatively small population
levels. The honeydew appears in May. II) Coccoidea: A) Aclerdidae: 1) Aclerda
berlesei Buffa. This scale insect was found in Korinthia in July 1988 on Arundo
donor L.. later it was
observed everywhere this host-plant was sampled as in Lamia, Tricalla, Larissa,
Platamonas (Central Greece). The population of this insect is always in high
levels and it produces large quantities of honeydew. The honeydew appears early
in June and continues in July, August and early September. The bees forage on
it, mainly in August. The honey from this honeydew has good appearance,
good taste but has not so good smell. B) Coccidae 1) Physokertnes piceae Schrank.
This scale was recently found at low population levels on fir trees in
Parnassus and Giona mountains in Central Greece and
this is the first record in Greek fauna. All, but Aclerda berlesei, abovementioned
species are recorded also in Central Europe as honeydew producing insects. It
seems that amongst these ten honeydew producing insects, the most important for
the apiculture of Greece are the aphid C. juniperi and the scale A.
berlesei.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 6 (1988)
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 3-6.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Athens College of Agricultural Sciences,
lera Odos 75, Gr-11855 Athens, Greece
The adult female of Typhlodromus
erymanthii, which belongs to the simplex species - group, is
described and illustrated. It was collected from Quercus coccifera L. leaf
erinea, and its association with other mites there is discussed. The dorsal
setae, shield and leg setae were covered by a (waxy?) material.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 7-10.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, University of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
Lobesia botrana (Denis and
Schiffermueller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is known to enter a facultative
autumnohibernal diapause-mediated dormancy in the pupal stage, when the
embryonic and early larval stages are exposed to short-day photo-periods. Yet,
in a laboratory stock originating from northern Greece and reared for years on
an artificial larval diet, dormancy occurred also under a long-day
photo-period. When the eggs were incubated at 30oC in the dark or at
26 oC under the natural daylength of August in northern Greece, and
the larvae grew at L:D 16:8 and 25-26 oC,
but not 20 oC, a substantial percentage of the pupae entered
dormancy. This dormancy seems to be diapause-mediated. It is not known whether
it is a typical summer diapause.
===============================================================
L.A.
SANTAS. Physokermes
hemicryphus (Dalman) a fir scale
insect useful to apiculture in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 11-22.
Laboratory of Sericulture and Apiculture,
Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece
Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) is an important
honeydew producing scale insect useful to apiculture. It lives mainly on Abies
cephalonica Loud. and to a lesser degree on Abies
borisii regis Mattf. These fir trees exist in most fir forests of Greece.
It has one generation per year. Overwintering takes place in the second instar
nymph. The female overwinters under the bud scales of the forks of the fir host
and the male on the needles. Adults appear in spring and crawlers in July. In
August the population consists mainly of first instar nymphs. The second instar
nymphs start to appear in August and by late October the whole population is at
the second nymphal instar, which is the overwintering one. The insect occurs in
the fir forests of Greece every year but its population level fluctuates, due
to weather conditions and biological factors (parasites, predators). The
coexistence on the same host plant of P. hemicryphus with the scale Eulecanium
sericeum (Lindiger) and the aphid Milldams abietinus (Koch) prevents
the visit of honeybees to fir trees. On the other hand it favours the
augmentation of the P. hemicryphus population. Four parasites were
found, from which the Encyrtidae Pseudorhopus testaceus (Razz.) and
Microterus lunatus (Dalman), are recorded for the first time in Greek
fauna.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 23-27.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Nineteen enzymatic activities of
eggs, gut tissues of larvae and adults of Dacus oleae have been
determined using the API-ZYM micromethod. The enzymatic activities of eggs were
much weaker than those of larval or adult guts. The activities increased
progressively to the L2 and L3. The lack of feeding caused a reduction of
certain activities in larvae (alkaline phosphatase, esterases, aminopeptidases) but not in adults. The addition of
streptomycin to the food of adults, to obtain "aposymbiotic"
individuals, did not have a clear effect on the activities of the insect's
various stages. Although the enzymes studied were not the only ones that occur
in the insect's gut tissues, it seems that there are few similarities between
the enzymatic system of larvae and that of adults, most probably because of the
different content of the two diets in essential nutrients such as amino acids,
proteins, and lipids.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 29-41.
Department of Entomology, University of
California, Riverside, California 92 521
Development of larvae of the navel
orangeworm, Arn.ielois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera:
Phycitidae), was studied under various photoperiods, temperatures and larval
diets, in an effort to induce dormancy. Ready - to - batch eggs or neonate
larvae were placed in transparent vials half - full of diet. Fully grown larvae
not pupating within 14 days at 26.7oC and L:D
16:8 were considered as being in dormancy. With artificial larval diets
containing bran, yeast, vitamins, and fortified or not with a high protein
cereal and egg yolk, none of the treatments induced dormancy to a substantial
percentage of laboratory stock or wild larvae. With dry walnut meats, larval
growth was slower and survival much lower than with the artificial diets. With
walnut meats, when eggs were incubated at 32.2oC and L:D 0:24, a
certain percentage of grown larvae of the laboratory stock underwent dormancy
when grown as larvae under the conditions that follow: 40% at 21oC
and L:D 12:12, 17% at 21oC and L:D 0:24, 19% at 26.7oC
and L:D 16:8, and 22% at 26.7oC and L:D 0:24 for the first 14 days
than at 21oC and L:D 8:16 for the rest of larval life. When both
embrya and larvae developed at 21oC and L:D
0:24, 17% of the larvae underwent dormancy. Yet, the relatively small number of
grown larvae in the groups fed walnut meats suggests further work for the
occurrence of dormancy in this insect to be proven. No larvae developed on
straight brewers’ yeast powder. Straight soybean flour or 9:1 and 7:3 mixtures
of it with yeast powder allowed the production of grown larvae, pupae and
adults of normal appearance. The rate of larval growth on the soy:yeast diets was significantly slower than on a reference
diet. At 26.7oC, a L:D 16:8 photoperiod was
as good as a 14:10 one. Continuous darkness resulted in significantly reduced
yield in adults and rate of larval growth. High relative humidity on the
surface of the diet allowed excessive growth of fungi on and in the soy:yeast diets and resulted in a much faster larval
growth. Larvae developed well on dry walnut meats and in cracked dry and
water-soaked walnuts. Inside the walnuts the rate of larval growth was uneven,
some larvae being still fairly small on the 53rd day at 26.7oC,
while the majority was fully grown or had already pupated.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 43-48.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology and Laboratory of Dairy Technology,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Thessaloniki, 540 06
Thessaloniki, Greece
In a study of the bacterial flora
occurring in the adults of the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmelin)
(Diptera: Tephritidae), oesophageal diverticulum, a total of 28 strains were
obtained. Six of them were Gram - negative and identified as Pseudomonas
niendocina, Morarella nonliquefasciens (2), Alcaligenes sp., Enterobacter
cloacae (2) and 22 Gram-positive classified as Kurthia sp.,
Staphylococcus subgroup VI, Micrococcus roseus, Bacillus pumilus, B.
licheniformis (3) and B. subtilis(15). None of the above bacteria
are strictly fixed and constantly present in the oesophageal diverticulum,
suggesting that the bacterial flora associated with D. oleae depends on
environmental factors, and could be used as a nutrient source for the insect
apart from its possible other symbiotic role.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 49-54.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
A widespread infestation of olive
trees in and near the city of Thessaloniki by Prociphilus oleae (Leach
ex Risso) (Homoptera: Pemphigidae) was observed in 1988. Colonies including
immatures and young slate adults were observed as late as early June. Infested
trees were abundant along the streets of the Kalamaria section of the city.
Infestations were also recorded 12 Km to the south and 75 Km to the southeast
of the city, as well as on the island of Thassos, 200 Km to the east. Most
infested trees had broad leaves and dense foliage, as well as scars, fissures,
or other cavities on the trunk and limbs, and were shaded during part of the
day by other trees or neighboring buildings. Compact colonies of the aphid
occupied usually the basal part of 2 to 3-year old shoots at various heights in
the trees up to 4 m, and mostly 1.5 to 2.5 from the ground. Usually there was
one colony per shoot, and exceptionally up to 5.
===============================================================
Ì. Å. TZANAÊAÊIS. First records of the sycamore lace bug, Corythucha
ciliata (Say), in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 55-57.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, University of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
In late August 1988, the author noticed the presence
of Corythucha ciliata (Say) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in many plane trees of
the following locations of northwestern Greece: 1) City of Kastoria, on
22.VIII.1988, along the coastal road of the city's peninsula in Lake Orestias.
Along this road, trees near the Panaghia Mavriotissa church were heavily
infested, while trees further away were less so. Infested trees were also
noticed along the quay of the northern end of the city. 2) Zagori, Epirus, on
24. VIII.1988, on the banks of the river Voidomatis, where
the river meets the road between the villages Aristi and Papingo. The
degree of infestation varied between adjacent trees. 3) Zagori, Epirus, on
25.VIII.1988, the single plane tree in the middle of the square of the village
Eptahori. 4) City of Yannina, on 26. VIII. 1988, several single trees in the
Kastro section of the city and also trees along the banks of the lake bordering
the city. As heavily infested were recorded trees having most of their leaves
chlorotic in the largest part of their laminae. On the underside of leaves that
could be reached from the ground live adults, exuviae of immature stages and
dark sports typical of excrement and of oviposition sites of Tingidae were
found. On certain leaves more than 10 live adults per leaf were counted in
Kastoria and Yannina. The identity of the species was determined by the author
on adult specimens from Kastoria preserved dry and in ethanol. The fact that
the infested locations were tens of kilometers apart and at considerably differ
ent altitudes, leads to the conclusion that C.
ciliata must have crossed the Greek northwestern border not less than two
years ago. It is suspected that the insect entered Greece by natural spread
from neighboring Albania. Examination by the author of plane trees in towns and
villages of the Pella and Kilkis prefectures near the Yugoslavian border,
showed no infestation. C. ciliata is of nearctic
origin. In the northeastern and northwestern United States it is a pest of
sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L., which is its preferred host plant, but
also feeds on ash, hickory and also on mulberry. In Europe the host plants of
preference are Platanus X acerifolia (Afton) Willd. and P. orientalis L., while such other broad-leaved
trees as Brussonetia pap•rifera and ash are also reported as
able to support the insect. The insect entered Europe and was noted first in
Italy in 1964. Its spread was rather rapid, so that by 1986 it had spread to
all the regions of Italy. In 1976 chemical control tests against it were reported
from Hungary. Its presence in Yugoslavia was reported in 1972, in France in
1977, in Spain in 1981, in Switzerland in 1983 and in Austria in 1984. It is
considered one of the three most important insects infesting the leaves of
plane trees in Italy and generally very destructive. The adult insect is
approximately 3 to 3.5 mm long and has reticulate front wings and reticulate
expansions of the pronotum. The pronotum is yellowish, largely expanded on the
sides which are transparent, and has a median vesicated process. The front
wings are subquadrangular and have a proximal vesica which is globular and more
or less smoky towards its internal margin. Two to three generations per year
have been reported in Italy, same as in the northeastern United States.
Hibernation takes place in the adult stage, mostly under loose bark at the
basal part of the trunk or in other protected places nearby. In spring, the
adults move to the young leaves, where they lay their eggs on the under side of
the blade where the immature stages feed and develop and the long-lived adults
remain feeding and reproducing. The feeding punctures cause chlorosis which
starts from the basal part of the leaf and may expand to almost the whole leaf.
On the underside of leaves, where the insect lives in colonies, there are usually
numerous small dark spots. Heavily infested species of Platanus, in
addition to extensive yellowing, may undergo premature leaf drop. In Italy and
especially in urban areas, C. ciliata continues to cause concern
because of the weakening of plane trees which predisposes them to attacks by
other enemies. There is no doubt that the spread of C. ciliates in
Greece will also be fairly rapid. The authorities should take advantage of the
extensive work done in Italy, to further develop effective and ecologically
sound control measures. Determining the resistance to the insect of Plalanus
stock available in Greece should be among the projects to be encouraged.
===============================================================
Entomologia Hellenica 6 (1988): 59-61.
Department of Entomology, Benaki
PhYtopaihological Institute, Kiphissia, Greece
One of the most important
archaeological findings of recent years has been the discovery of complete
buildings of a Bronze Age settlement at Akrotiri on the island of Santorini
(Thera). The settlement covers an area of over 200,000 square metres. The
excavations conducted by Spyros Marinates brought to light a large number of
buildings constructed of stones, mud and straw, with earth roofs. The walls
were faced with clay. Almost every exposed mass of masonry in the settlement
has been invaded by colonies of Hymenopterous insects consisting nests which
are wreaking havoc on the walls, because they bore through the masonry to build
their nests and then every time they go in and out of the tunnels, they wear
away the dust of the walls which they have build for their own nests.
Observations were carried out at Akrotiri in the spring and summer of 1985,
1986 and 1988. Glass collecting-tubes were placed at entry and exit points and
at various places in the tunnels, to sellect the insects when the adults
emerged in the spring, and insects also were collected with sweeping nets from
the surrounding area and from light traps. Plants which were visited by adults
of these species for pollen and nectar were also collected from round about.
The insect species collected by these various methods were the following: Osmia
(Chalcosinia) latredlei Spinola, 1806 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), Anthophora
crinipes Smith, 1884 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and Melecta albifrons
albovaria Erichson 1840 ( Hymenoptera :
Megachilidae). These three species were collected in all observation years in
glass collectintubes. Of these A. crinipes and O. latreillei, which
are solitary species, both build colonies with tunnels a short distance appart
but not actually touching each other. The number of such colonies in the walls
of the Akrotiri settlement is fairly large, and conspicuous through the holes
of entrance and exit of the insects. M. albifrons albovaria is a
predator on A. crinipes. It is known from the literature that all
species of the genus Melecta prey on Anthophora species. The
tunnels of both species are made by the females. At the end of each tunnel the
female hollows out a number of cells and lays in supplies of pollen and nectar
on which she deposits her eggs after mating. She then seals off each cell with
a mixture of earth and saliva. Finally, when eggs have been deposited in all
the cells, she closes the outer entrance of the tunnel. The larvae start
developing once the tunnel has been sealed off. Thus after the hatching of the
eggs, the insects spend more than thirty days as larvae, later on as prepupae.
In this stage they overwinter and early in the spring enter the pupal stage.
The first adults appeared from the last days of March. The females mate with
the males and then start making tunnels and cells for their eggs. Adults of
both sexes visit flowers to feed and also, in the case of the females, to
collect pollen and nectar for the cells in which the larvae will develop. In
the neighbourhood of Akrotiri we have observed adults of both species in
question visiting flowers of the following species: Reichardia picroide(L.) Roth (Compositae), Echhon angustifolium Miller
(Boraginaceae), Vicia vilosa Roth (Leguminosae), Euphorbia spp.
(Euphorbiaceae), Salvia verticillata L. (Labiatae),Rosinarinuin
officinalis L. (Labiatae), Morina persica L. (Dipsacaceae).
Fahringer reported only Anthophora crinipes in Asia Minor and observed
that adults visited the flowers of Salvia verticillata and Morina
persica, but it is not clear if the insects collect pollen or nectar or
both of these plants. The adults usually choose sunny days to fly out to the
flowers, and during their flight a caracteristic buzzing is heard. The flying
season begins in late March and goes on until the end of June, or some time
later. The damage done by these insects to the fabric of the ancient settlement
at Akrotiri is posing a serious problem for the preservation of the ruins in
their present form. If it continues there is danger that parts of the masonry
will be permanently deformed. Little heaps of fine pozzolana dust made by the
insects going in and out of the tunnels is found on the ground below the
entrance holes. In the last two years the team of archeaeologists has used light traps in and around the ruins, thereby
apparently reducing the populations of these insects and limiting the damage
done by them. On the basis of the insects collected in May 1988, the population
of A. crinipes outnumbers that of O. larreillei (ratio 79:21).
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 5 (1987)
===============================================================
N.G.
EMMANOUEL and G.TH. PAPADOULIS.
Panonychus citri (MacGregor)
(Tetranychidae) and Eriophyes medicaginis K. (Eriophyidae): Two
important phytophagous mites recorded for the first time in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 5 (1987): 3-6.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,
Athens College of Agricultural Sciences,
Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
Panonychus cirri (MacGregor) one of the most important
phytophagous mites in many parts of the world, has been collected from citrus
trees in various localities of county Preveza, Heperos, Greece. This mite has
been, possibly, introduced to Greece via Albania. Another phytophagous mite, Eriophyes
medicaginis Keifer, well known to cause witches' broom on alfalfa, has been
collected from Medicago saliva L. in the counties Attiki and Boiotia of
central Greece. In a two year study on arthropods associated with alfalfa at
the Kopafs region of Boiotia, E. medicaginis was found to be constant
and recedent in both years. High population densities were observed during the
period mid-September to mid-March.
===============================================================
D.S. KYPARISSOUDAS. The occurrence of Encarsia perniciosi in
areas of northern Greece as assessed by sex pheromone traps of its host Quadraspidiotus
perniciosus.
Entomologia
Hellenica 5
(1987): 7-12.
Plant Protection Service of Thessaloniki, GR-54626 Thessaloniki,
Greece
During the 1982-1985 period the aphelinid
endoparasite Encarsia perniciosi Tower was captured on synthetic
pheromone traps of the San Jose scale (SJS), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock,
in scale-infested insecticide treated and untreated orchards of Central and
Western Macedonia (Northern Greece). It has expanded especially near the sites
where it had been released, but also in areas 50-100 km from the point of
release. The parasite in untreated orchards generally appeared from April to
October, while in orchards treated with insecticides it was not caught after
mid June. Spring flights of the parasite occurred on almost the same dates as
the first captures of the male scale. Subsequent flights of E. perniciosi were
not always synchronized with those of the male scale, and after the beginning
of June the parasite showed a general decline throughout the remainder of each
season. The pheromone of the scale insect acts as a kairomone to the parasite
and it can be used in trapping systems in scale-infested orchards for the
confirmation of the presence and the distribution of E. perniciosi.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS and N.G. EMMANOUEL. Á revision of the genus Cenopalpus in Greece
(Acari: Tenuipalpidae).
Entomologia
Hellenica 5
(1987): 13-26.
Acarology Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Center ofAthens, 141 23 Lycovrysi Attiki, Greece and
Department of Agricult. Zoology and Entomology, College of Agricultural
Sciences of Athens 11855 Athens, Greece
The genus Cenopalpus from Greece is
revised and a key to 17 species is provided, with illustrations of the nymphs.
Of these species, C. bakeri Diizgiines, C. carpini (Livshitz and
Mitrofanov) and C. pseudospinosus (Livshitz and Mitrofanov) are recorded
for the first time from this country. A new species C. arbuti is
described and illustrated. Information on the hosts, distribution data and
economic importance is presented for each species. Some of the hosts and damage
symptoms are recorded for the first time.
===============================================================
G.E.
ÇÁÍÉÏÔAKIS and Á. VASSILIOU-WÁÉÔÅ.
Effect of combining food and sex attractants óç the capture of Dacus oleae flies.
Entomologia
Hellenica 5
(1987): 27-33.
Institute of Biology, National Research Center
“Democritos”, P.O. Box 60228, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
Sex pheromonal compounds i.e. the most potent
male attractants, and ammonia, one of the most potent female attractants
available today for Dacus oleae (Gmelin), were combined on the same
trap. This combination resulted in an overall increase of female captures as
compared to those of ammonia alone, but a decrease of male captures as compared
to those of pheromone alone. Deviations from this overall effect were observed
during certain periods of the year and are caused by varying environmental and
biological factors which influence insect response to pheromones. Explanations
for these results based on recent findings concerning the pheromone system of D.
oleae are presented here.
===============================================================
Í.Å.
RODITAKIS and Í.É. DROSSOS. First
record of Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks 1904) (Ácari: Tarsonemidae)
on greenhouse peppers in Crete.
Entomologia
Hellenica 5
(1987): 35-36.
Plant Protection Institute, 71110 Heraklion Crete, Greece
The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Acari:
Tarsonemidae), was first noticed on greenhouse pepper cv
Cleopatra and Sonar in Ierapetra (Southeastern Crete) in 1984. During 1984
there were scattered mite infestations in a few greenhouses but in the following
years it has become an increasingly important pest of peppers. The mite has
been also found on cucumber cv Cnossos, aubergine cv
Flaska and Solanum aviculare (indigenous of Amazonios) in the
greenhouses of the Ierapetra Experimental Station. It attacks the growing
points, young foliage, stem flowers and fruits. The growing points and bud are
distorted, the young leaf margins down curl, the apical leaves crinkle, the
leaf veins fuse and distort and the color changes to dark green, the fruits and
stem crack and turn russet, mis-shape resembling like a fruit or stem scab and
finally the small leaves and flowers fall off. Severely affected plants have
little or no young growth, remain stunt and all fruitlets are aborted. The
general look of the infested plants is similar to those affected by hormone
weedkiller. Affected plants could not recover easily and the symptoms persisted
for many weeks in spite of the acaricide treatments applied by the growers. In
an artificial infestation of young pepper plants cv
Sonar by 100-200 individuals, the symptoms of broad mite damage appeared in
eight to ten days under growth chamber conditions (24±0.5°C, 60±5% R.H., 12.000
Lux for 16 hours daily).In Greece, the broad mite was first recorded on cotton
leaves in 1969 and later on citrus trees. In Britain, it causes serious
problems since 1978. It has been also noticed in several other countries of
Europe. The spread of P. latus in many greenhouse plants in Britain was caused
by the absence of acaricide treatments in greenhouses where biological control
against the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae was applied and
the predator Phytoseilus persimilis was introduced by French bean leaves
which was a recorded host of broad mite. The female longevity varies between
7-18 days depending mainly on temperature. The mean number of eggs/female is
40-50. The life cycle of broad mite is completed in 441, 205 and 98 hours at
14, 24 and 30°C, respectively. The developmental rate of various stages of the
mite increased with the temperature but declined at about 35°C. The broad mite
has been recorded on a wide range of hosts: tea plant, beans, tomatoes,
cucumber, peppers, aubergines, citrus, zerbera, fuchsia, jasminum, magnolia,
cotton, jute, coffee, avocado etc.
===============================================================
Ì. V. MACROPODI. Flight period of some parasitoids and a predator of
the olive black scale (Saissetia oleae Olivier) on Corfu island.
Entomologia Hellenica 5 (1987): 43-45.
The Olive Institute of Corfu
GR-49100 Corfu, Greece
The time of year the
adults (flight period) of the parasitoids of S. oleae: Ìetaphycus helvolus, Ìetaphycus lounsburyi, Scutelista cyanea and Moranila californica and
the predator Chilocorus bipustulatus are present, was determined in
three areas of Corfu island: Lima, Kontocali
and Avliotes. M. helvolus apparently has two flight periods: the first
is from April till July and the
second from November till December. All the other natural enemies have
only one flight period per year. The flight period of M. lounsburyi is
from April till August, while S. cyanea flies from August till the end
of September or the first days of October,
and M. californica adults are present from July till the middle
of December. Adults of C. bipustulatus appeared from July
till December or the middle of January.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS. Á revision of tenuipalpid
mites of Greece (Acari: Tenuipalpidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 5 (1987): 47-60.
Acarology, Laboratory, Agricultural Research Centre of
Athens, GR-14123, Lycovrysi Attiki, Greece
The family Tenuipalpidae from Greece is revised
and keys to the Greek species of the genera Aegyptobia, Brevipalpus,
Cenopalpus, Pentamerismus and Tenuipalpus are provided. A key to the
Greek tenuipalpid genera is also given. The species: Aegyptobia leiahensis,
Phytoptipaipusparadoxus, Brevipalpus recki, Pentamerismus coronatus, P.
juniperi, P. oregonensis, Pseudoleptus zelihae, Dolichotetranychus floridanus,
Raoiella macfarlanei and Obdulia tamaricis are recorded for the
first time. Two new species Aegyptobia karystensis and Aegyptobia
aliartensis are described and illustrated. Hosts, distributional data and
relation to hosts are presented for each species. A revaluation of the world
genera and subgenera of the Tenuipalpidae is presented.
===============================================================
D.C.
STAMOPOULOS. Influence of the
Leguminosae secondary substances on the ecology and biology of Bruchidae.
Entomologia Hellenica 5 (1987): 61-67.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Secondary substances of leguminous
seeds, suggest themselves to be the main defense mechanisms against Bruchidae
which also develop their own mechanisms to avoid and/or detoxify these
compounds. These interactions between plants and insects through the secondary
substances, lead to the appearance of divergent or convergent defence
mechanisms at the plant level and to the specialist or generalist at the insect
one. Among the most widespread secondary compounds in the Leguminosae, are the
tannins, lignins, lectins, alkaloids, enzyme inhibitors, polysaccharides, non
protein amino acids, toxic glycosides and miscellaneous toxins.
===============================================================
Ì.Ô. CHASSAGNARD et L. TSACAS. Drosophila schmidti Duda:
redescription et iconographie des genitalia (Diptera, Drosophilidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 5 (1987): 69-73.
Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique
Évolutives du CNRS, 91198 Gifsur Yvette Cedex et
Laboratoire d’Entomologie du Muséum National, 45 rue Buffon. 75005 Paris
(France)
Drosophila schmidti Duda, n'a jamais été retrouvée
depuis sa description. Les genitalia, structure diagnostique importante, n'ont
jamais été iconographiês. Est donnée ici une
redescription détaillée de l'espêw avec des dessins des
genitalia et de l'ovipositeur. La position de cette espèce par rapport aux
divers sous-genres du genre Drosophile est discutée.
===============================================================
D.S. KYPARISSOUDAS. Flight of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus
perniciosus males and time of crawler appearance in orchards of northern
Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 5 (1987): 75-80.
Plant Protection Service of Thessaloniki,
GR-54626 Thessaloniki, Greece
The seasonal flight of San Jose
scale (SJS), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, males was studied
during 1984-1987 in peach and nectarine orchards, under two different climatic
conditions in Central Macedonia (Northern Greece), using sex pheromone traps.
In late-season regions there were three periods of male flight activity (May,
July-August, September – October), while in early-season regions there was also
a partial fourth one (mid April-May, mid June-July. August –
mid September and late September – early November). In the latter
regions these flights can be correlated with the appearance of the scale
crawlers during three periods (late May – early July, mid July – August,
September – October) and a partial fourth one (November) in milder years, as
determined using the sticky-tape trap technique. Pheromone traps and sticky-tape
traps can be used for the study of phenology of San Jose scale, under
conditions prevailing in Northern Greece.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 4 (1986)
===============================================================
N.F.
MOORE and Ô. MANOUSIS. The use ïf íiruses for controlling pest species ïf insects.
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 3-10.
Natural Environment
Research Council, Institute of Virology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX] 3SR. U.K.
Insect viruses have been used effectively to control
pest species of insects. While viruses from several families have been used,
members of the Baculoviridae have proven most successful. The successful
viruses are mentioned and a brief introduction into insect virus
identification is followed by sufficient detail to differentiate between the
major groups of viruses which have been used as field control agents. References
are minimised to recent key articles on all the families of viruses found in
insects.
===============================================================
P.C.
ÑÁÍÁÕOTOY and Í. KATIS. Contribution to the study of potato aphids in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 11-14.
Ministry of Agriculture. Division
of Plant Science Research, 381 Acharnon, 111 43 Athens, Greece, and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Crete, Iraklion, Crete,
Greece.
Four aphid species were identified in the
Metsovo potato center, Greece. Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, infesting
subterranean parts of potato, is reported for the first time in Greece, while Aphis
frangulae, infesting the potato foliage, is reported for the first time on
potato plants in Greece. High resistance to methamidophos was observed with the
latter aphid species. Potato virus Y (PVY) was transmitted by all four species
of aphids
===============================================================
T. MANOUSIS, S.M.
ELEY, J.S.K. PULLIN, Á. LABROPOULOS and N.F. MOORE. Preliminary search for a íirus in Dacus oleae Gmel. populations in Northern
Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 15-18.
Natural Environment Research Council, Institute of
Virology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13SR, U.K. and
Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Aristotelian University of
Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
A large number of larvae of Dacus oleae were
collected from infested olives in Northern Greece, and a small proportion of
these were found to be dead. Adult flies were caught in McPhail traps at the
same locations. The larvae and adults were fractionated by a series of steps
designed to identify occluded and nonoccluded viruses. Virus-like particles
were identified in small amounts only in the dead larvae.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS. The genus Tenuipalpus (Acari:
Tenuipalpidae) in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 19-22.
Acarology
Laboratory, Agricultural Research Centre of Athens, Gr-141 23, Lykovrysi
Attiki, Greece
Knowledge of the Greek mites of the
genus Tenuipaipus was limited to the following two species only: T.
caudatus (Doges) and T. granati Sayed. Recent studies revealed the
presence of another five species namely: T. crassus
Andre, T. pacificus Baker, T. punicae Pritchard and Baker, T.
rosae Kadzhava and T. zhizhilashviliae Reek. A key to the seven
species now recorded from Greece is presented. Some information concerning the
distribution, economic importance and host plants of the above mentioned Tenuipalpus
species is also given.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS. Tenuipalpid mites (Acari:
Tenuipalpidae) of Olea europaea with a key to Brevipalpus from the
genus Olea.
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 23-27.
Acarology
Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center of Athens, Gr-141 23, Lykovrysi
Attiki. Greece
This paper deals with the
tenuipalpid mites which are associated with olive trees and an account is given
of their distribution, hosts, and bio-ecology. A key is provided to the species
of Brevipalpus occurring on the genus Olea.
===============================================================
Í.Å.
RODITAKIS. Effectiveness
of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki on the grape
berry moth Lobesia botrana Den. and Shiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) under
field and laboratory conditions in Crete.
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 31-35.
Plant Protection Institute, 71110
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
The effectiveness of Bacillus
thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki (Dipel Abbot Lab.) against the
grape berry moth (Lobesia botrana Den. & Shiff.) was evaluated under
laboratory and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions (24±0.5°C, 55±5%
r.h., 2,000 Lux, and 16 hours light daily) B. thuringiensis was
compared to triflumuron and methomyl on egg hatching and shallow entries per
grape berry. B. thuringiensis had no effect on egg hatching while
methomyl and triflumuron had ovicidal action. Shallow entries per grape berry
were 0.9-1, 0, 0 and 4.55 for B. thuringiensis, triflumuron,
methomyl and control, respectively. Under field conditions, using as criteria
for the timing of sprays: a. pheromone and food trap catches and b. visual
counting of egg laying and a threshold of 20-30 eggs/100 grapes, two
applications of B. thuringiensis at Kastelli Pediados in 1981 and four
at Peza in 1982 were made both at the 2nd and 3rd flights. Its effectiveness was
96-100% and 92% at Kastelli Pediados and 73-75% at Peza.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS. The genus Brevipalpus in
Greece (Acari: Tenuipalpidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 37-48.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Centre of Athens, 1 S. Venizelou Gr-14123
Lycovrysi Attiki. Greece
The genus Brevipalpus from
Greece is revised and a key to 18 species is provided, with illustrations of
the nymphs. Twelve species were formerly recorded: B. atalantae (Hatzinikolis),
B. californicus (Banks), B. chalkidicus (Hatzinikolis), B.
hellenicus (Hatzinikolis and Kolovos), B. lewisi McGregor, B.
macedonicus (Hatzinikolis), B. obovatus Donnadieu, B. oicac Baker,
B. olearius Sayed, B. olivicola (Pegazzano and Castagnoli), B.
phoenicis (Geijskes) and B. russulus (Boisduval). The following six
species are now recorded for the first time from Greece: B. cuneatus (Canestrini
and Fanzago), B. essigi Baker, B. filium Baker, B.
mallorquensis Pritchard and Baker, B. pini Baker and B. sayedi Baker.
A review of hosts, distribution and economic importance is presented for each
species.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS. Contribution to the description.
record and onomatology of Aceria oleae (Nalepa,
1900) (Acari: Eriophyidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 49-54.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Centre of Athens, I S. Vcnizelou, Gr-111 23 Lycovrysi Attiki, Greece
The female of Aceria oleae is
described and illustrated and for first time, the dimensions of the different
parts and accessories of the body are given. The male of this mite is also
described and illustrated for first time. The world distribution
as well as the local distribution in Greece are recorded. Information on
the onomatology is provided.
===============================================================
G.E. HANIOTAKIS. Effect of size, color and height of pheromone
baited sticky traps on captures of Dacus oleae flies.
Entomologia Hellenica 4 (1986): 55-61.
Institute of Biology, N.R.C. “Demokritos”,
P.O. Box 60228, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
The size of sticky pheromone traps has no effect on Dacus
ïleae catches when insect population densities are low. At high population
densities trap catches increase with surface area. There were no differences in
the numbers of D. ïleae caught on yellow and white pheromone traps in
periods of high pheromone effectiveness, which coincide with periods of high
insect reproductive activity. During periods of reduced pheromone
effectiveness, due either to low temperatures at the time of pheromone activity
(dusk) or reduced insect reproductive activity, traps of yellow hues tend to
capture more insects than traps of white color. The height at which pheromone
traps are located inside the tree canopy has no effect on catches of D.
ïleae.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 3 (1985)
===============================================================
Ì.Å.
TZANAKAKIS. Entomological
research in Greece - a brief account.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 3-16.
Laboratory of
Applied Zoology and Parasitology, University of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Greece
After mentioning the first research
work by foreign scientists on the collection, identification and recording of
insects and related arthropods of Greece during the last century, the first
attempts and legislature for the foundation of the institutes where
entomological research started in Greece are given. The fields covered by that
research before and after World War 11 are given, as well as the financing
agencies, the periodicals where research papers have been published and,
finally, the research and university institutions where entomological research
is being done today, with the names and main fields of activity of Greek
entomologists.
===============================================================
Ì. V. MACROPODI. Preliminary information on parasitization rates and
larval survival of Metaphycus helvolus Comp. and Metaphycus
lounsburyi How., parasites of Saissetia oleae Olivier,
under laboratory conditions.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 17-19.
The Olive Institute of Corfu GR-49100
Corfu, Greece
Parasitization rates and larval
mortality of M. helvolus and M. lounsburyi parasites of S.
oleae were studied under laboratory conditions. Mean life duration of M.
helvolus, under temperature 23±1oC and relative humidity 65-70%,
was found to be 8.4 days. Only a relatively small proportion of the individuals
of S. oleae was parasitized, but the greater
proportion of the larvae of the parasite was successfully developed to the
adult stage. Mean life duration of M. lounsburyi, under temperature 19±1oC
and relative humidity 65-70%, was found to be 10.2 days. Oviposition of M.
lounsburyi occurred at a much higher rate but the fact that several eggs
were usually laid per S. oleae individual greatly reduced the proportion
of the parasitic larvae which developed to the adult stage.
===============================================================
N.G.
EMMANOUEL and R.L. SMILEY. Two new
species of the family Tarsonemidae (Acari: Prostigmata) from Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 21-27.
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, Athens College of Agricultural Sciences,
lera Odos 75, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
Adult
males and females of two tarsonemid species, Steneotarsonennis hordei and
Tarsoneinus pruni, are described and illustrated. Data are given on
their plant hosts and distributions in Greece.
===============================================================
L.A.
SANTAS. Anapulvinaria
pistaciae (Bod.), a pistachio tree scale pest
producing honeydew foraged by bees in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 29-33.
Laboratory of Sericulture and Apiculture,
College of Agricultural Sciences of Athens, Votanikos, Athens, Greece
The soft scale Anapulvinaria
pistaciae (Bod.), a pest of pistachio, excretes honeydew which is exploited
by honeybees. The scale has one generation per year. Adults appear early in
spring and crawlers in May. From mid-May to mid-June the population of A.
pistaciae consists mainly of crawlers and/or first stage nymphs. The
second stage nymphs appear early in fall, this is the over-wintering stage,
from which the adults of the next generation will emerge the following year.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS. Description of Hystripalpus
chalkidicus new species from olive trees in Greece (Acari: Tenuipalpidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 35-39.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Centre of Athens, Gr-151 23 Nea
Philothei-Marousi, Greece
The female and deutonyph of Hystripalpus
chalkidicus, new species, are described and illustrated. The species was
found on an olive tree in Chalkidiki, Greece.
===============================================================
I.S. PITTARA and Â.É. ÊATSOYANNOS. Male attraction tï virgin females in the almond seed wasp, Eurytomá
amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 43-46.
University of Thessaloniki, Department of
Agriculture, Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology,
540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
Laboratory observations showed that
adults of the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein
(Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) were sexually mature on the first day of emergence.
Experiments with an olfactometer showed that 1 to 12 day-old virgin females
attracted the males. This attraction was found to be due to an odor, apparently
a pheromone, released by the virgin females. The responsiveness of the males
was higher the first part of the photophase. Under field conditions too, virgin
females were attractive to males. "Delta" traps, containing 5-20
virgin females, suspended on almond trees, attracted and captured males
released among the same trees. On the contrary, traps containing mated females
or empty cages were not attractive to males.
===============================================================
Â.Å. MAZOMENOS and Å. FYTIZAS.
Effects of a juíenoid on lipid metabolism and fatty acid
composition during growth of Heliothis armigera.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 47-52.
Biology Department N.R.C. “Democritos”, P.O. Box
60228, GR 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attiki, Greece
The effect of the juvenoid ZR-619 (Zoecon
Corp.) on lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition of last instar larvae,
pupae and pharate adults of Heliothis armigera Hbn. (Lepidoptera,
Noctuidae) were studied. Treatments at low doses with the juvenoid resulted in
an increase of the body weight of larvae and affected the composition of lipids
accumulated. In non-treated larvae neutral lipids represent 88.9% of the total
lipids, while in treated larvae, the neutral lipids
are present at a lower level (80.2%). Fatty acid composition in untreated
larvae, pupae and pharate adults is characterized by large proportions of
palmitic and oleic acids and higher proportions of linoleic acid than of
linolenic acid. Alteration in fatty acid composition is observed in
phospholipids of pupae and pharate adults, the proportions of palmitic and
oleic acid being lower than in larvae. The juvenoid ZR-619 slightly affected
the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids in treated larvae, while fatty
acid composition of phospholipids was affected.
===============================================================
L.A. SANTAS. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche), an
orchard scale pest producing honeydew foraged by bees in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 53-58.
Laboratory of Sericulture and Apiculture,
College of Agricultural Sciences of Athens, Votanikos, Athens-Greece
The soft scale Parthenolecanium
corni (Bouch6), a pest of filbert tree and other hosts, is a useful insect
for apiculture in Greece. It excretes honeydew which is exploited by honeybees
in April, May and early June. The scale has one generation per year, and
overwinters as a second instar nymph. Adults appear early in April and crawlers
in the middle of June. From mid June to mid July, the population of P. corni
consists mainly of crawler-, and/or first instar nymphs. The second instar
nymphs appear in mid July and by the end of October all the scale population is
in this stage. The period from July to February, is long enough to permit the
application of insecticides to control the scale, without causing any harm to
the bees.
===============================================================
G. JENSER and
Ì.Å. TZANAÊAÊIS. Records of
Thysanoptera from Northern Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 59-61.
Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian
Academy of Sciences, 1525 Budapest, and
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, University of Thessaloniki, 540
06 Greece
Twenty two species of Thysanoptera
found on 29 species of plants in three counties of Northern Greece are listed.
For two thirds of them these are the first records for the region. Four of
them: Aeolothrips versicolor Uzel f. similis Priesner, Kakothrips
dentatus Knechtel, Stenothrips graminurn Uzel and Thrips fuscipennis Haliday
are new for the Greek fauna.
===============================================================
M.V. MACROPODI.
Duration of life-cycle of three parasitic
hymenoptera on Saissetia oleáe (Bernard) growing on two different host
plants.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 63-64.
The Olive Institute of Corfu, 49100 Corfu,
Greece
In this work the duration of the life-cycle of Metaphycus
helvolus (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage), Ìetaphycus
affinis stanley (Comp.) (parasite
mainly on the third stage) and Ìetaphycus lounsburyi (How.) (parasite mainly on the fourth stage) (Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae) on S. ïleae, developed on different substrates, i.e. potato
sprouts and plants of Nerium oleander, under laboratory conditions was
determined. Among the Hymenoptera parasitizing S. oleae on Corfu, M,
helvolus and M. lounsburyi, are of particular importance M.
affinis stanley was introduced in Corfu in 1976 and despite
the fact that the population of S. ïleae in the release area was practically
eliminated from other factors shortly after the release of the parasite, there
is evidence that the parasite was finally established. The above parasites can
be successfully reared on S. ïleae developed both on potato sprouts and Nerium
oleander. The study was carried out at 23±1°C, 65-70% R.H. and 12
hours of artificial light per day. For each species, 3 potato sprouts and three
plants of Nerium oleander in pots infested with S. ïleae were
placed in each 60X30X40 cm cage. The host insects were oviposited in by adult
parasites introduced into the cages and left there for two days. The number of
emerging adult parasites in each cage was recorded daily (a total number of
adults emerged per cage varied from 23 to 195) and the time taken for 50% emergence
was calculated from the correlation equation by plotting the cumulative
percentage of adults emerged against time. For M. helvolus the mean
duration time of the life cycle was estimated to be 19.4 days on scales
developed on potato sprouts and 15.1 days on scales developed on N.
oleander. For M. affinis stanley the
relevant estimates were 18.8 days and 23.4 days, respectively, while for M.
lounsburvi the estimates were 21.3 and 18.6 days, respectively. For M.
helvolus and M. lounsburyi the duration of the life cycle was
shorter when the host insect developed on Nerium plants than on potato
sprouts. For M. affinis stanley the
reverse was true. These differences show the effect of the host of S. oleae on
the time of development of the parasites, possibly reflecting the differences
of the scale insect developed on different hosts as food quality for the
parasites.
===============================================================
Ì. SAVOPOULOU –
SOULTANI, Á. HATZIVASSlLIADIS, H.J. VLUG, Á.Ê. MINÊS and Ì.Å. TZANAÊAÊIS. First records of the summerfruit
tïrticid, Adoxophyes oraná F. í .R. in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 3 (1985): 65-66.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and
Parasitology, University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
In spring 1985, buds of apple and
peach trees in the Naoussa area of northern Greece were severely damaged by
larvae of a tortricid moth. Adults emerged in late May and early June. Later in
the season, we found larvae of the same species established and feeding on
leaves and green or ripe fruits of apple and peach, as well as on ripe
cherries. Larvae collected in late June were reared in the laboratory on peach
leaves and on an artificial diet. The adults obtained were identified as Adoxophyes
orana Fischer von Rosslerstamm (Lepidoptera. Tortricidae).
A. orana is a synonym of A. reticulates Huebner, A.
tripsiana Eversmann, A. fasciata Walsh.,
or Capua or Cacoecia reticulana Huebner and most probably, is a recent
introduction to Greece. The damage it causes to fruits such as apples, peaches
and cherries is such that it could not have escaped the attention of fruit
growers and plant protection specialists if the insect had earlier been present
in the country. A. orana has been established and caused damage to fruit
trees in northwest and central Europe for approximately fifty years and in
southern Yugoslavia for at least the last ten years. It is probable that it
spread to northern Greece from neighboring Yugoslavia. In the Naoussa area, the
moths laid their eggs in batches on fruits or leaves. On peach and cherry the
eggs were laid on both sides of the leaves, whereas on apple on the upper side
as was observed also in other countries. In early October, the larvae abandoned
their feeding sites and went next to auxiliary buds and crevices of the bark of
branches to spin their hibernating webs. The adult maleof A. orana has a
wingspan of 15-20 mm and the female one of 19-22 mm. The fore wings of the male
are yellow ochre reddish, and have distinct rusty-red designs. There is a basal
darker (brown) area, and two large darker stripes. The median one departs from
the basal third of the costa and terminates, widening or divided in two
branches, at the tornus. The other stripe is preapical and may take the form of
a triangular spot of which sometimes only the borders are visible. The fore
wings of the female are normally darker than those of the male, often
blackish-brown, and have darker and dimmer stripes and other markings. The hind
wings are light grey in the male and grey-brown in the female. The ground
colour in the specimens of northwestern Europe is varying from light
brown to dark brown. The fully grown larva is 18-20 mm long,
green, with a light brown head. It somewhat resembles the larva of another
tortricid, Archips rosanus L. which is a monovoltine polyphagous
species common in Greek orchards in spring. A. orana is
polyvoltine and feeds on buds, leaves and fruits of a great number of
cultivated and wild plants. Among its reported many hosts are species of Betula,
Crataegus, Cydonia, Gossypium, Ligustrum, Lonicera, Malus, Medicago, Pyrus,
Populus, Pistacia, Parrotia, Proms,Quercus, Ribes, Rubus, Rosa, Salix, Solanum,
Syringa, Tilia, Ulmus, Vaccinium and the grapevine Vitis vinifera.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 2 (1984)
===============================================================
Å.Ô. STRATOPOULOU and Å.Ô. ÊAPATOS. Preliminary results for the
eíaluation of the action of Saissetia oleae parasites in Corfu.
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 3-9.
The Olive Institute of Corfu, Greece
The action of parasites
of Saissetia ïleae (OIiv.) (Homoptera-Cïccidae) is studied in
Corfu from 1980 in the framework of an ongoing project on the population
dynamics of Saissetia ïleae. Results obtained during the period 1980-1983
from 17 experimental sites indicate the following: a) the population of S. ïleae
increased in 1981 but from 1982 it declined to very low levels; following
the overall decline of the host population, parasitization rates of third
instar larvae (mainly by Ìetaphycus helíolus Comp.) were relatively low
and ranged from 2.1% to 6.7% for the autumn period and from 14.6% to 29.4% for
the spring period; this does not minimize the possibility that Ìetaphycus
helíolus plays an important role on the regulation ïf S. ïleae populations;
b) a considerable proportion of females of S. ïleae is attacked during
summer by Ìetaphycus lounsburyi How. (an
internal parasite on preovipositing females), Ìoranila californica How. and Scutellista cyanea Ìïtsch. (egg predators), but
their significance upon the population system of S. ïleae is not
expected to be great. The action of Ìetaphycus lounsburyi in spring,
when the peak of the suitable stage occurs (i.e. fourth instar larvae), appears
to be very low, at least for these three years. Its action is delayed and most
of the specimens of this parasite emerge from ovipositing females in early
summer. Among the species attacking S. ïleae females, Ì. californica (recently
introduced in Corfu) was the most abundant and it might be worthy to be
introduced to other parts of Greece too.
===============================================================
Ô. TZORAS et Õ. ARAMBOURG. La teigne de l’ oliíier,
Prays oleae Bern. (Lepidoptera, Hyponomeutidae) a Corfou, Grèce.
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 11-15.
Institut de l’ Olivier,
Corfou, Grèce et I.N.R.A. Station de Zoologie, Antibes, France
Des campagnes de piégeage de P. oleae a l’'aide
de pièges sexuels poursuivis plusieurs années sur l’ensemble de
l’ile de Corfou ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence
permanents du phytophage dans 1’ensemble des zones oléicoles de l’ile,
même celles subissant chaque ann6e des traitements
généralises contre D. oleae. Des examens
complémentaires d’échantillons de boutons floraux et de fruits
ont permis de dénombrer quelques éléments du complexe
entomophage lié à la Teigne, entre autre un parasite embryonnaire
du groups des Trichogrammes.
===============================================================
Á.Ñ. ECONOMOPOULOS and Á. STAVROPOULOU-DELIVORIA. Õellow sticky rectangle with ammonium acetate
slow-release dispenser: an efficient long-lasting trap for Dacus oleae.
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 17-23.
Dept. of Biology, "Demokritos''
Nuclear Research Center, Aghia Paraskevi Attiki,Greece
The combination of a yellow color
sticky rectangle with an ammonium acetate slow-release dispenser (YAA) was compared
to a yellow sticky rectangle (Y) and to a McPhail glass trap with BuminalTM(MB), EntomozylTM(ME), or
ammonium sulfate (MAS) odor lure in a 2% water solution, from the beginning of
August till December in an olive grove. When total olive fruit fly, Dacus
oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae), captures were compared, no large
differences were detected among YAA, MB and ME traps, while Y and MAS ones were
found much inferior. When expressed as a ratio to YAA, total captures were: 1 (YAA),
0.95 (MB), 0.70 (ME), 0.33 (Y) and 0.08 (MAS). In the fall (high population
density), both yellow traps showed very high catches, while McPhail odor traps
had comparatively reduced effectiveness, apparently due to cool humid weather.
The opposite was true in August-September (hot dry weather, low population
density). McPhail traps were serviced every 5 days (summer) or 7 days (fall),
while YAA and Y traps were replaced by new ones only once, at the beginning of
October. The ammonium acetate dispenser could last much longer but traps had
been covered by insects and debris.
===============================================================
Í.Å.
RODITAÊIS. Evaluation
of fluíalinate, methomyl and kinoprene on the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes
vaporariorum West. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 25-30.
Plant Protection Institute, GR-71306
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
The effectiveness of
three insecticides, fluvalinate, kinoprene and methomyl (synthetic pyrethrin,
juvenile hormone analog and organophosphate, respectively), against the
greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum West. (Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae), was evaluated in commercial greenhouses. The impact of chemicals
was studied on isolated whitefly stages in a rearing room (24 ± I"C, 65 ±
5% R.H. and L:D 16:8h). Fluvalinate was the most
effective toxicant through its broad activity on whitefly life stages.
Kinoprene controlled 2nd and 3rd larval instars but a moderate effectiveness
was noticed on eggs, first instar larvae and pupae. Methomyl was effective
against first instar larvae and adults but it had no substantial effect on the
other stages. Of the three materials tested only fluvalinate approached the
total control requirements for a successful whitefly
suppression.
===============================================================
Laboratory of Agric. Zoology and
Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences of Athens, Votanikos, Athens,
Greece
In the spring of 1975, the trees of
an almond orchard [Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb] in Avliotes Corfu, were found to be severely infested by a wood borer
insect in the larval stage. Samples of infested with larvae twigs, preserved in
the laboratory, and in the same year in September a number of adults emerged.
After identification this insect was found to be Nathrius (Leptidea)
brevipennis (Mulsant 1839). This species caused important damage in the
almond trees of the Avliotes area of Corfu during the years 1975-1976. In 1977,
N. brevipennis was found in Ioannina county on
walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) and in 1980, it was found in Metsovo
area on almond trees.
===============================================================
Ñ. ÊATSOYANNOS. Notes on life history and field
efficiency of Cybocephálus fodori predator of Quádráspidiotus
perniciosus in Northern Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 35-40.
Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Delta
3, GR-145 61 Kifissia, Greece
Sampling results during 1978-1979 and 1981-1982 in two
heavily-infested almond orchards in Northern Greece showed a high mortality of
the San Jose scale. A considerable part of this mortality was attributable to
indigenous entomophagous insects, especially predators. Among them, Cybocephalus
fodori Endrody-Younga (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) appeared to be the key
species. Field observations showed that C. fodori hibernates as an
adult, forming aggregations. C. fodori reared in outdoor cages
showed full adult activity by end March. Given an abundant supply of prey, the
insect develops two complete and a third partial generations per year. Under
constant conditions (25±2° C, 65±5% R.H. and 16 hrs light per day), the
development of its three larval instars was completed in about 19 days and the
pupal stage lasted about 10 days. On average, 68 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
Comstock (Homoptera: Diaspididae) adult females were partly consumed per
larva of C. fodori. Individually deposited eggs and young larvae
were found under the covers of the San Jose scales.
===============================================================
Å. HALLBERG, J.N.C.
ÕÁÍ DER PERS and G.E. HANIOTAKIS. Funicular
sensilla of Dácus oleáe: fine structural characteristics.
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 41-46.
Department of Zoology, University of Lund,
Lund, Sweden
The funicular sensilla in Dacus
oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are found both on the surface and in
the single olfactory pit. The surface sensilla are of three types: two are
single-walled, the third is double-walled. The fine
structure of these three sensillar types indicates olfactory function
capabilities. The single-walled sensilla are, as a rule, innervated by two
sensory cells. The long single-walled sensilla have unbranched sensory
processes, whereas in the short they are branched. The double-walled sensilla
usually possess three sensory cells that send unbranched sensory processes
towards the tip of the hair. The olfactory pit sensilla are of two types: one type
is identical to the double-walled type found on the funicular surface. The
second type is poreless and found only in the olfactory pit. The poreless
sensilla are innervated by three sensory cells, two of which terminate inside
the cuticular hair, while the third does not enter inside the hair but
terminates freely below it. The functional capabilities of this sensillar type
are unknown.
===============================================================
J.N.C.
ÕÁÍ DER PERS, G.E. HANIOTAKIS and Â.Ì. KING. Electroantennogram responses from olfactory
receptors in Dácus oleáe.
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 47-53.
Department of Biology,
"Democritos" Nuclear Research Center, GR-153 10 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
Substances found in Dacus oleae (Gmelin)
(Diptera: Tephritidae) male or female flies which have been reported as
pheromones, i.e. elicit some form of biological activity in laboratory or field
bioassays, were tested with the electroantennogram technique (EAG). Substances
of non-insect origin were also tested as possible pheromone candidates. All
substances of insect or non-insect origin elicited an EAG response to both
sexes of lab-cultured or wild insects but 1,7
dioxaspiro [5,5] undecane, the major pheromone component, has a lower response
threshold value than all other compounds. At the maximum stimulus concentration
the response to nonanal reaches a value higher than that elicited by all other
compounds. EAG responses to various compounds, after receptor adaptation to the
major pheromone compound and nonanal, showed that these two compounds are
detected by different sets of receptors. Other comments on the sensitivity and
specificity of antennal receptors are also presented.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS. Description of Pánonychus
cáricáe new species on fig-trees in Greece (Acari: Tetranychidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 55-62.
Acarology Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Centre of Athens, Gr-151 23 Nea Philothei -
Maroussi, Greece
The female and male of Panonychus caricae, new
species, are described and illustrated. This mite was found on leaves of fig-trees
in regions of Central Greece.
===============================================================
L.A.
SANTAS and D.M. LAZARAKIS. Using drone brood in the control of the Varroa disease of
bees in Greece.
Entomologia Hellenica 2 (1984): 63-68.
Laboratory of Sericulture and Apiculture, Athens
College of Agric. Sciences, Iera Odos 75, Gr-118 55 Athens, Greece
The use of drone brood to control
the Varroa disease (Varroa jacobsoni Ouds) was tested in twenty bee
colonies (ten as control) which had a very low Varroa mite infestation.
The experiment started in winter 1981-82. Early in spring 1983 the brood was
removed from ten hives and later during April, May and June it was replaced by
drone combs (trap combs) which were also removed when drone cells were capped.
The same treatment was repeated during spring 1984. In July 31, 1984, the adult
bee infestation was 0 to 7%, while the worker brood's infestation was 0 to 17%.
The data show that, after two and half years without any acaricidal treatment,
six out of the ten bee colonies continued to have a very low mite infestation,
while three showed high infestation and had to be treated with acaricide. One
of the three colonies was treated by acaricide in the winter 1983-84, that is two years from the beginning of this experiment.
On the contrary, in the ten control colonies (with the same low infestation in
spring 1982) the mite infestation reached catastrophic levels by August 1983.
===============================================================
===============================================================
Volume 1
(1983)
===============================================================
Á. LEGAKIS. First contribution to the study of the ants
(Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Æagïri region (Epirus, Greece): Án annotated list of species.
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 3-6.
Zoological Laboratory, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis,
Athens, Greece
The
paper contains records of 33 ant species collected in the Zagori region of
Northwestern Greece in 1979 and 1981. These are the first records of ants from
this region. Some notes on their morphology and ecology are included. An
analysis of the general distribution of the species shows that the influence of
the Mediterranean, South European, Asiatic and Pontic elements is approximately
equal. For some species the region is the southernmost limit in the Balkans.
Seven species were observed only over l000 m. while three of them were observed
only over 1400m. Most species arc either insectivores or omnivores. Omnivores
and species with Mediterranean or South European distribution predominate in or
near human settlements.
===============================================================
Å.Ô. KAPATOS
and B.S. FLETCHER. Án assessment of components of crop loss due to
infestation by Dacus oleae, in Corfu.
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 7-16.
The Olive Institute of Corfu, Greece
An assessment of components of crop loss caused by the
olive fly, Dacus oleae, was carried out in Corfu during the years 1976-1979.
The results indicate that the most important component of crop loss due to D.
oleae infestation is the preharvest fruit drop induced, mainly, by the
third stage larva. Using three starting dates, which coincided with the main
periods of infestation between July and October, estimates were made of the
proportions of infested fruits induced to fall prematurely before the start of
harvesting in November. The larva of D. oleae consumes only a small
proportion of the fruit pulp (on average 4.48 %). The effect of infestation on
the acidity of the oil is indirect and it is important only when the fruits
remain for over a week on the ground before they are collected. Compensation by
the tree for premature fruit drop caused by D. oleae infestation does
not appear to be of any significance in assessing crop loss.
===============================================================
N.G. EMMANOUEL, C.D. PELEÊASSIS and L.A. SANTAS. Harmfu1 mesostigmatic mites ectoparasitic to honey
bees.
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 17-23.
Department of Agricultural Zoology and
Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences of Athens, Votanikos, Athens,
Greece
Mites of the order Mesostigmata are among the frequent
and dominant components of the beehive acarofauna. Several of them belonging to
the families: Varroidae. Laelapidae and Ameroseiidae are important parasites or
capably harmful species to the honey bee. Among them, V. jacobsoni and Neocypholaelaps
favus are
widespread in Greece, while the existence of a third species Mellitiphis
alvearius is quite probable. A brief treatise of the harmful mesostigmatic
mites found in the beehives all over the world is given. Detailed drawings of
all stages of V. jacobsoni are given, of which drawings the immature
stages appear for the first time.
===============================================================
J.A.
TSITSIPIS and Á. KONTOS. Improved solid adu1t diet for the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae.
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 24-29.
Dept. of Biology, “Demokritos” Nuclear
Research Center, Aghia Paraskevi Artiki, Greece
Egg production of the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae
(Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae), was higher when insects fed on a liquid diet
than on the same diet made solid by enriching it with various amounts of
cellite or cellulose. Comparison of a liquid with a solid diet, both composed
of water: sucrose: yeast hydrolyzate: chicken egg yolk at ratios 5:4: 1:0.7 and
0:4: 1:0.7 respectively, given to olive fruit flies kept in pairs, showed that
egg production was higher on the liquid diet. With grouped
insects, however (30 pairs per cage), egg production. expressed
per initial female, was higher with the solid diet. The difference was due to
the lower mortality that occurred on the solid diet. Dry egg yolk could
substitute fresh egg yolk. Among solid diets differing in the concentration of
egg yolk, yeast hydrolyzate, and the presence of vitamins and cholesterol, the
diet that gave the highest egg production contained 80 parts sucrose, 30 parts
yeast hydrolyzate, and 6.6 parts dry egg yolk.
===============================================================
É. POLYRAKIS. Catches of male olive moths, Prays oleae, in
pheromone traps in relation to numbers of eggs and larvae found in olive
fruits, in Crete.
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 30-33.
Institute of Subtropical Plants and Olive
Tree, Chania, Crete, Greece
In two groves of the Chania area, male olive moths, Prays
oleae (Bernard) (Lepidoptera: Hyponomeutidae), caught in pheromone traps
and eggs and young larvae in young fruits were counted weekly or daily in May,
June and July. At Mournies, the first rise in the curve of male captures was
observed during the last week of May with a maximum on the 18th in 1980 and on
the 10th of June in 1981, and the last captures at the end of June-beginning of
July. At Chrysopigi, the maximum of captures in 1981 was on the 5th of June. In
all instances the time of maximal moth captures coincided with peaks in
oviposition activity, followed after an interval of two weeks by peaks in the
number of young larvae found in the fruits.
===============================================================
Å.Ô.
ÊAPATOS and B.S. FLETCHER. Establishment
of economic injury levels for olive infestation by Dácus oleáe, in
Corfu.
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 37-45.
The Olive Institute of Corfu, Greece
Economic injury levels for cover sprays and air bait sprays were
established for the infestation by Dacus oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera:
Tephritidae). For cover sprays, the economic injury levels (expressed as
percent infestation by taking 30,000 fruits to represent the average number of
fruits per tree) were calculated as 7.59% for infestation laid in late
July-August, 6.16% for infestation in September and 10.31% for infestation in
October. For air bait sprays, economic injury levels were calculated for
various fruiting conditions (expressed as proportion of trees bearing olive
fruits) and they were much lower than for cover sprays due to the lower cost of
air treatments. For July-August, they ranged from 5.07% infestation for 25%
trees bearing olives to 1 .27% for 100% trees with olive fruits. For September
they ranged from 4.11% to 1.08% infestation, for October they ranged from 6.88%
to 1 .72% infestation and for infestation laid in November they ranged from
61.28% to 15.32% infestation, respectively. The economic injury levels for air
bait sprays were also expressed as mean weekly number of females per McPhail
trap by taking into account the potential fecundity of D. oleae and the
efficiency of the McPhail trap (baited with protein hydrolysate 2% and borax 1
.5%) at different times of the year. For September, they ranged from 16 females
per trap for groves with 25% of trees bearing olive fruits, to 4 females per
trap for 100% trees with fruits. For October, they ranged from 6 females per trap
to I female per trap, respectively.
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D.Ñ. LYKOURESSIS. Key for the identification of the instars of the
English grain aphid, Sitobion ávenáe (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae).
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 47-51.
Department of Agriculture and
Horticulture, University of Reading
A key is given for the
identification of the instars of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae
(F.) based upon morphological characters of the antennae, cauda and sub-anal
plate.
===============================================================
D.Ñ.
LYKOURESSIS and Ç.F. ÕÁÍ ÅÌDÅÍ. Factors
affecting the potential increase rate (eë, PIR), as defined by
Hughes, in populations of Sitobion ávenáe (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae).
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 53-57.
Department of Agriculture and
Horticulture, University of Reading
The potential rate of increase
(PIR), used in Hughes’ time-specific life table analysis for aphid populations
as a multiplication factor for the instar-period was studied in popula(ions of Sitobion avenae (F.) in the absence
and presence of the parasite Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) under
controlled conditions. Two factors were mainly found to alter PIR values in the
presence of parasites. These were the feeding preference of adult A.
abdominalis for the first instar aphids and the prolonged instar duration
of the third instar of aphids which had been parasitized by an adult parasite
at the first instar. These two factors contributed to lower values of PIR and
as a consequence to an underestimation of the expected (potential) population
for the next instar-period.
===============================================================
D.Ñ.
LYKOURESSIS and Ç.F. ÕÁÍ ÅÌDÅÍ. Movement away from feeding site of the aphid Sitobion ávenáe (F.)
(Hemiptera: Aphididae) when parasitized by Aphelinus ábdominális (Dalman)
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae).
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 59-63.
Department of Agriculture and
Horticulture, University of Reading
The aphid Sitobion avenae (F.), parasitized by Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman),
tends to leave either the feeding sites gathering in particular parts of its
host-plant or even the host-plant. This behavior partially explains the
phenomenon of reduced parasitism contribution to the overall mortality in
several aphid population studies as interpreted by Hughes’ method.
===============================================================
Ì.Å.
TZANAÊAKIS, D.Á. PROPHETOU, G.N. VASSILÉOU and J.J. PAPADOPOULOS. Inhibition of larval growth of Dácus
oleáe by topical application of streptomycin to olives.
Entomologia Hellenica 1 (1983): 65-70.
Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, University of
Thessaloniki, Greece
Olives of four varieties were oviposited by females of Dacus oleae
(Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae). One to four hours or one day later, a 5 ìl
drop of streptomycin sulphate solution in tap water was applied to the
oviposition hole. If applied 1-4 hours after oviposition, concentrations of
0.1, 0.3, or 1% were equally effective, inhibiting larval growth in over 85% of
the olive fruits. If applied one day later, the 0.1% concentration was less
effective, while the 0.3 and 1% ones retained their high effectiveness. With 2
ìl drops, inhibition was not significantly lower than with 5 ìl drops. The
addition of 0.05% or 0.5% Agral 90 a spreader-wetter,
had an activating effect, causing a substantial and significant increase of the
percent inhibition.
===============================================================
Å.Í.
HATZINIKOLIS. Á new species of Hystripálpus
(Acari: Tenuipalpidae).
Entomologia
Hellenica 1 (1983): 71-75.
Acarology Laboratory, Aliartos Experimental Station,
Ministry of Agriculture
The female, male, deuteronymph and larva
of Hystripalpus macedonicus, new species, are described and illustrated.
This mite was found on tender shoots and leaves of the olive-tree in Macedonia,
Greece. Some information on the distribution and the feeding habits of the
genus Hystripalpus on olive-tree is also given.
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